¹Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

²Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

³CAS in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai-608502, Cuddalore, Tamil Nadu, India

⁴PG & Research Department of Microbiology, Sri Sankara Arts

and Science College, Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu, India

⁵Department of Zoology – Aringar Anna Government Arts and Science College, Cheyyar

Tamil Nadu, India

⁶ Centre for Aquaculture, Col Dr. Jeppiaar Research Park, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

⁷School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, CA, USA

⁸US Department of Veteran affairs, Loma Linda, CA, USA

Corresponding author email: kumarun23@gmail.com

Article Publishing History

INTRODUCTION

Nanotechnology is that the rising science that deals with nm scale and nanoparticles are one among the building blocks in engineering. Recently, engineering and polymers along have captivated a large interest in several areas as well as pharmaceutical trade and therapeutic innovation among others. Nanoparticles are the solid mixture particles in metric linear unit vary. Chitosan may be a cationic saccharide that’s usually obtained by alkalescent deacetylation of polyose poly (N-etylglucosamine). It’s biocompatible, perishable, muco adhesive, and nontoxic. These nice biological properties create chitosan an honest candidate for a stage in developing drug delivery systems having improved bio distribution, multiplied specificity and sensitivity, and reduced medicine toxicity. Chitosan may be a chemical compound derived from polyose, that has been found in a very wide scope of natural sources (the exoskeletons of the crustaceans, crabs, and shrimps, and therefore the cell walls of fungi) that exhibit biodegradability, biocompatibility, and styptic capability, moreover because the ability to inhibit the expansion of microorganisms and fishes. NAG loaded with chitosan nanoparticles is used for fish feed formation. N-acetyl glucosamine may be a chemical that has been derived from the outer shells of shellfish (Vert et al., 2012).  Chitosan may be an appropriate chemical compound for medical and pharmaceutical applications (Cheung et al., 2015).

Commonly, success of any cultivation venture in the main depends on “Three Pillars”. They’re quality seed, quality feed and quality management. Nutritionally balanced blue feed is that the most vital and essential input for the undefeated fish production because it is one among the foremost limiting factors within the enlargement of the overall fish production, (Behera et al., 2014). The aquaculture business has recently been growing quicker than some other segments of nourishment creation, so as to cover the protein interest for human utilization, (Luis et al., 2017). Chitosan particles are of high enthusiasm attributable to their physicochemical highlights, for example, biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-lethality, bioactivity, and polycationic nature by Divya and Jisha, (2018).

The improvement of  nanotechnological details for application in aquaculture has especially been the principle focal point of research because of worries about sanitation for customers (Jennings et al., 2016).The utilization of nanotechnology is a shelter for sustenance, as at nanometer sizes, m aterials show extraordinary highlights not at all like those of mass material and separated particles.  Nanotechnology has a wide scope of uses in aquaculture furthermore, can contribute fundamentally to several emerging fields, (Luis et al., 2017, Angelica et al., 2019).

Nanotechnology uses in fish feed formulation: Nanotechnology includes a intensive usage potential in cultivation and  food industries. significantly to beat feeding methods issues of culture organism, Nano technologies provide a promising results, attributable to it nano size particle and economical mixing property that makes the feed delivery system additional adequate and self-made. on account of studies, nanoparticles of parts like antioxidant, iron, etc. sources supplemented in diet may improve the expansion of fish scale back the value of water treatment (Albrecht et al., 2006). There are varied potential applications of NMs in blue feeds (Table.1).

Role of Nano technology in feed formulation: Nanotechnology is associate rising science that is includes a immense potential to revolutionize agriculture and different fields as well as cultivation and fisheries (Ashraf et al., 2011). It will offer new Facilities for cultivation, fish nutrition, fish biotechnology, fish biological science, fish copy and aquatic health. Nano technology includes a wide selection of application in cultivation and food industries. for instance, production of more practical fish feed for cultivation species by application of nano technology (Choi et al., 2010).

Chitosan Nano particle preparation methods: Fathima et al.,  (2019) worked out the  dietary supplementation with ChNP  and reported that it decidedly influences the monetarily significant freshwater O. niloticus as far as development is concerned with regard to  body organization, intestinal bacterial check, stomach related compounds, hematology, resistant reaction and liver status. In spite of the fact that the most elevated feed and protein usage, hematological profile, amylase and lipase exercises, body rough lipid substance, and decrease in the check of anaerobic microscopic organisms were seen in fish that got 5 g/kg diet ChNP; the lower portion of 3g/kg diet was additionally adequate to fundamentally upgrade certain parameters, for example, development execution, and checks of high-impact and anaerobic microbes. In this manner, the organization of low be that as it may, successful degrees of ChNP can be a valuable methodology in fish cultivating, (Fathima et al., 2019)

Udo and his team (2017) formulated of experimental diets, formulations based on linear programming technology, have been developed using the feed-formulating software on windows. Dry matter was used for both diets. The protein supply was blood meal, soya and fishmeal (65 percent anchovy). In a freezer with nitrogen gas to avoid spoilage, all the products were ground up to less than 40 μm. Dry ice has been used to avoid decomposition when grinding all nutrients. Before the food planning, Vitamin Premix was prepared to ensure the ingredients are fresh. The percentage-based diets have been converted in a 5 kg bag size weight basis. Individually weighted by electronically sensitive Chitosan and chitosan nanoparticles are then added and thoroughly mixed in order to achieve a standardized mixture of 5 g kg-1. Cassava starch was used as a binder and was placed in a 50% cool (50-50 mL-water-50-g-starch) solution.

Method of NAG Loaded Chitosan Nano Particles: NAG-loaded nanoparticles were shaped by the addition of chitosan resolution to TPP solution containing totally different concentrations of NAG (Reddy et al., 2015). During this review paper the results of NAG concentrations (50, 75, 100, 200, three hundred and five hundred μg/mL) and chitosan concentrations (1, 2, three mg/mL) on nanoparticle’s characteristics are studied (Yudinetal et al., 2014).

Table 1: Potential Use of Nanotechnology In Fish Feed: (Shrivastava et al., 2015)

S.NO	FUNCTION	JUSTIFICATION
1.	Antimicrobial or Antifungal agents	Preserving sacks or during storage of fish feed.
2.	Delivery of micronutrients or other ingredients	To surround or coat (Nanoencapsulation technology) nutrients that would normally degrade, such as fatty acids, or have limited absorbtion efficiency. eg. free fatty acid
3.	Increasing bioavailability	Carotenoids, Trace minerals, Vitamins and Fatty acids
4.	Nanoscale mineral supplements	Improve absorption
5.	Alternative to organic forms of feed supplements	To reduce the anti-nutritional factors
6.	Stability of the food ingredients	Alter the physical properties reduce food wastage

Nanoparticles have guarantee for building up the assurance of cultivated fish against maladies brought about by pathogens. Chitosan nanoparticles are utilized as transporters for an oral plasmid DNA antibody. For instance, oral organization with chitosan actuated a counter acting agent invulnerable reaction in fish. Fish Growth Promoter: The selenium (Se), iron (Fe) ang chitosan containing nanoparticles are likewise used to advertiser of high last body weight pick up and improve the cancer prevention agent property.

Fish Feed Formulation: However, as highlighted in this topic, the integration of  or greater progressive technologies may be the manner to Gain vast advances for the aquaculture enterprise, Together with the use of nanotechnology in aggregate with that Of important oils. The manufacturing of biodegradable nanoformulations with important oils can make contributions to solving issues of efficiency in sickness manipulate, as well as, to remedy. The problems of contamination. The contamination can be decreased by way of the fact of the opportunity to discount within.

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of Nano enhanced Fish Feed Formulation designed by Subramanian Kumaran S., Wilson Aruni and Karthika M.(2020)

The use of traditional chemicals in disorder control lies on the reality that nanoparticles can act as  well managed launched structures and in this context,  large amount of organic active compounds  have been used to treat  several diseases, (Angelica et al., 2019).

The experimental trail were conducted and got a  high FCR and weight of fishes. The feed formulation will be patented. The nutrient content of fish meal relies upon at the kind of uncooked materials and production approaches used in its production. In wellknown, notable fish meal produced the use of whole fish contains sixty six%–74% crude protein, eight%–eleven% crude lipids, and <12% ash.33 In evaluation, fish meal made out of byproducts incorporates fifty two%–67% crude protein, 7%–14% crude lipids, and 12%–23% ash. As an instance, white fish meal constructed from byproducts incorporates 60%–67% crude protein, 7%–eleven% crude lipids, and 21%–23% ash,18,34 and tuna fish meal produced from byproducts contains fifty seven%–60% crude protein, eight%–14% fat, and 12%–21% ash.35, 36, 37, 38 The lower protein content material and higher ash content in byproduct fish meals are not sudden, as the nutrient composition differs among complete fish, fillets, and different parts of the frame (viscera, heads, pores and skin, bones, and blood). The extraordinary proportions of numerous byproducts which might be used to provide fish meal will therefore also contribute to the nutrient variability of the fish meal crafted from byproducts.

Regardless of this, fish meal derived from fishery and aquaculture byproducts has been effectively used in aquafeeds, and its use is not unusual exercise in some countries (FAO, 2018) research at the nutritive values of byproduct fish food has validated their right capacity as alternative raw substances. Fish meal from tuna byproducts can substitute 25%–30% of the protein from top rate-grade fish meal without affecting the increase performance of noticed rose snapper (Lutjanus guttatus) whilst blanketed at a price of 15.8%–21.4%.37 For olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus), 30% of fish meal may be substituted through tuna byproduct meal at a dietary inclusion price of 21%.38 For Korean rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli), 75% of fish meal may be substituted via tuna byproduct meal at a nutritional inclusion charge of fifty eight.1%, with out compromising boom and feed usage.39 The much less than best dietary profile of byproduct fish food affords challenges within the complete alternative of outstanding fish meal. Despite the fact that, byproduct fish meal remains a possible opportunity to conventional fish meal, and, greater importantly, is a greater most economical and sustainable protein supply (Kim et al., 2018).

Table 2: Different levels of some conventional fish feed stuffs

S.NO	Type of fish meal	Maximum level (%)	Minimum level (%)
1.	Fish meal (tuna waste, 56% protein)	50	10
2.	Fish meal (miscellaneous, 60% protein)	50	10
3.	Poultry byproduct meal (58% protein)	10	_
4.	Fish protein concentrate (soluble, 70% protein)	5	2
5.	Blood meal (80% protein)	3	_
6.	Soybean meal (38% protein)	30	_
7.	Soybean meal (solvent extract, 48% protein)	45	_
8.	Groundnut cake meat (45% protein)	5	_
9.	Brewers dried yeast (30% protein)	5	2
10.	Brewers dried grains (18% protein)	5	_
11.	Palm kernel cake meal (18% protein)	5	_
12.	Wheat middling (17% protein)	5	_
13.	Rice brans (12% protein)	3	_
14.	Maize (10% protein)	20	5
15.	Sorghum (guinea corn, 10% protein)	10	3

Fish feed ingredients: Wong et al.,  (2019)  concluded the usage of meals wastes to formulate fish feed pellets appears to be feasible. Specific combinations of meal wastes need to be chosen for healthy feeding modes of various fish species, extensively freshwater fishes related to low-trophic stages, Herbivores (which include grass carp) and omnivores (together with gray mullet). That is because of the fact that the protein and dietary necessities of these low trophic stage fishes are lower in comparison with carnivorous fishes (consisting of freshwater bass). Food waste based pellets may be upgraded by adding enzymes and baker’s yeast, leading to better Boom costs and better immunity of the cultured fish. Inclusion of Chinese herbs would additionally help to replace positive antibiotics utilized in aquaculture. In preferred, fish fed with meals waste primarily based diets are safer for human consumption, whilst in comparison with the ones fed the economic diets, because of the better contaminant concentrations in Fishmeal contained within the industrial diets. In addition research must  take cognizance of  the feasibility of including Chinese  medicinal herbs.

Table 3: General Quantities Of Nutrients Incorporated Into Diets For Growing Fish

S.NO	Nutrients	Requirement (% by dry diet)
1.	Protein: These include 10 essential amino acids, viz., lysine, phenylalanine, arginine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, threonine, tryptophan and histidine.	32-45%
2.	Fat: Used as a source of energy and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Generally, freshwater fish require fatty acids of the linolenic (w-3) and linoleic (w-6) series; while saltwater and coldwater fish require EPA and DHA (w-3).	4-28%
3.	Carbohydrates: These are an inexpensive source of energy and are binding agents. No essential Requirements have been identified. These are poorly digested when fed raw; highest digestibility is attained when cooked. Major carbohydrates are starch, cellulose and pectin.	10-30%
4.	Minerals: There can be some 20 inorganic mineral elements, including, calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, iron, copper, manganese, zinc, iodine and selenium.	1.0-2.5% (fed as a multi-mineral premix)
5	Vitamins: These are inorganic substances required in trace amounts that can be divided into fat soluble (vitamins A, D, E and K) and water-soluble (vitamin B-complex, viz., thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxine, pantothenic acid, cyanocobalamin, niacin, biotin, folic acid choline and myoinositol; and vitamin C).	1.0-2.5% (fed naturally as a multi-vitamin premix; because of their chemical instability vitamin choline and C are added separately from the premix)

Figure 1a: Feed Formulation Using of NAG loaded chitosan Nanoparticle

Employments of NAG stacked chitosan nanoparticle in fish feed: In aquaculture framework the development of the fish is significant on the grounds that the interest of fish is extremely high in advertise. The feeds utilized for fish doesn’t improve the better development just as it doesn’t have the ability to oppose the ailment. Along these lines the NAG stacked chitosan nanoparticles is utilized in feed definition on account of its capacity to expand quick development in angles and furthermore has a decent obstruction against sicknesses (Figure 1).

CONCLUSION

The best demanding situations to alternative protein assets in aquafeeds encompass variable protein content and the feasibility of growing production, which is a characteristic of to be had processing technologies, fee, and scalability. Customer popularity also varies among these uncooked materials. Given these challenges, there’s huge potential for technological enhancements to constantly produce fantastic opportunity protein products with stronger nutritional profiles, at the same time as economies of scale can bring about progressed fee competitiveness. The chitosan loaded with NAG for enrichment and disesase resistant of culturing fishes. A few protein assets, which include fish by-products and bug meals, are feasible and promising options to traditional fish meal, while a few raw substances inclusive of food waste may also nonetheless need to conquer some of boundaries before becoming a staple in formulated aqua feeds and can find a recent trend in aquafeed development.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors gratefully acknowledge the management of Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai and the Professor K. R. Venakatesan, Principal, Sri Sankara Arts and Science College, Kanchipuram for their help and cooperation.

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