¹Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering & Technology of Shandong High School, Qilu Medical
University, Zibo, 255213, China

²Sports Science Research Center of Shandong Province, Jinan, 250102, China

Article Publishing History

Introduction

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is one of the major and exacerbating health problems worldwide; T2D is predicted to affect 490 million in 2030 (Zhang, et al., 2010). Strong genetic influences and many polymorphisms have been reproducibly associated with T2D.Insulin resistance in muscle, liver, and adipose tissues is a primary characteristic of most patients with T2D; as such, these tissues become resistant to endogenous and exogenous insulin. The interaction of insulin with target tissues is mediated by insulin receptor (INSR), a glycoprotein implicated in directing insulin to target cells and initiating cell responses to insulin, (Goldfine, 1987 Herder and Roden, 2011, Voight, et al., 2010).

High-mobility group A1 (HMGA1) is an architectural transcription factor involved in numerous biological functions in the nucleus, including regulation of DNA replication, transcription, recombination, and repair; among these functions, transcriptional regulation of gene expression is considered as the most important. After HMGA1 binds to DNA, HMGA1 can be polymerized with other transcription factors, forming an “enhanceosome” to regulate gene transcription; thus, gene expressions are positively or negatively regulated(Bustin and Reeves, 1996). Studies on humans and knockout mice have suggested that HMGA1 is involved in to T2D pathogenesis through the regulation of INSR gene expression; INSR gene expression is decreased by functional HMGA1 gene variants. HMGA1-deficient patients have been biologically investigated because of their clinical value. However, whether HMGA1 single gene deletion- or mutation-induced insulin resistance is the underlying cause of T2D remains unknown, (Foti, et al., 2005). Low-frequency insertion polymorphism IVS5-13insC (c.136-14_136-13insC) has been identified and associated with insulin resistance and T2D among individuals of white European ancestry and Chinese populations, (Chiefari,
et al., 2011 Liu, et al., 2012).

However, no similar association is observed in another study involving Caucasians and populations of African and Hispanic descent. Furthermore, conflicting results regarding the association of HMGA1 with T2D and insufficient data on diverse ethnic groups have caused difficulty in performing clinical translation of HMGA1 IVS5-13insC genotyping, (Marquez et al., 2012, Karnes, et al., 2013, Pullinger, et al., 2014 ).

Results regarding the functional effect of the HMGA1 IVS5-13insC variant are also contradictory. On the one hand, HMGA1 and INSR expressions decrease in diabetic carriers of IVS5-13insC compared with those of wild-type diabetic and non-diabetic patients. INSR protein expression and insulin-binding capacity are also restored in lymphoblasts obtained from diabetic IVS5-13insC carriers through HMGA1 DNA transfection, (Chiefari, et al., 2011).

On the other hand, IVS5-13insC does not affect HMGA1 or INSR expression in adipose tissues of normoglycemic patients. IVS5-13insC is present at position 13 of HMGA1 exon 6; however, the direct mechanism by which this variant affects mRNA expression or amino acid sequence remains unclear, (Marquez, et al., 2012).

A previous meta-analysis of Caucasians focused on this issue and arrived at a negative conclusion(Marquez, et al., 2012). Thus, we performed a meta-analysis of eligible case-control studies worldwide to investigate whether the HMGA1 variant IVS5-13insC is associated with an increased risk of insulin resistance and T2D. We also conducted subgroup analyses according to different ethnicities to explore the presence of ethnicity-specific effects.

Material And Methods

Literature Search Strategy

We searched Pubmed, EMBASE, and Web of science. The last updated search was performed on February 12, 2015. We used any possible combinations of relevant keywords: “HMGA1 or high-mobility group A1,” “polymorphism or mutation or mutant or variant,” and “insulin resistance, T2D, or type 2 diabetes.”

Articles describing the relationship between T2D and IVS5-13insC were identified with no language limitations. The inclusion criteria were set as follows: (a) evaluation of IVS5-13insC, insulin resistance, and T2D risk and (b) case-control design to estimate odds ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI). Articles were excluded according to the following criteria: (a) reviews, meta-analyses, and other non-case-control studies and (b) nonhuman studies. For studies with the same or overlapping data by the same authors, the most suitable studies with the largest number of cases or latest publication dates were selected.

Data Extraction

Two reviewers (Yancheng Liu and Liting Zheng) independently extracted information from all of the eligible publications and reached consensus on all items. An author (Hao Kong) was invited to assess articles in cases of disagreement. The following information was extracted from each article: first author, journal, year of publication, country of origin, ethnicity, and exact data of cases and controls.

Statistical Analysis

The T2D risk associated with IVS5-13insC was evaluated using ORs with a 95% CI. Heterogeneity (I²) was evaluated using a Cochran’s Q statistic to assess the degree of inter-study variation. The pooled OR of each study was calculated using a fixed-effects model when no statistically significant heterogeneity was detected with a P value < 0.10. A random-effects model was used when significant heterogeneity was found.

The statistical significance of the pooled ORs was determined using a Z test. P value < 0.05 was considered significant. A stratified analysis of ethnicity and continent was also performed: (1) Caucasian and non-Caucasian and (2) Asian and European. Egger’s plot was used to evaluate the probability of publication bias. Statistical analyses were carried out using Stata/SE 12.0 for Windows.

Results

Characteristics Of The Studies

Figure 1 demonstrates the progress of the article selection. After initially searching PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of science, we identified 52 publications. Of these 52 publications, 34 were excluded after titles and abstracts were scanned to determine whether or not these articles are relevant to T2D and HMGA1 polymorphism; as a result, 18 articles were considered for further assessment. Of these 18 articles, 11 were not related to the HMGA1 variant IVS5-13insC; thus, these articles were removed from the list. After reading the full text of the 7 remaining studies, we excluded 1 article that did not compare between T2D patients and healthy controls. As a result, 18,539 diabetic patients and 18,228 non-diabetic patients were enrolled to determine the HMGA1 variant IVS5-13insC. (5 articles about T2D(Liu, et al., 2012, Chiefari, et al., 2011, Pullinger, et al., 2014, Karnes, et al., 2013, Marquez, et al., 2012) and 1 article about MetS(Chiefari, et al., 2013).

Figure 1:  Flow diagram of included/excluded studies

The 6 studies included 13,719 diabetic patients and 13,572 non-diabetic patients were came from Europe, 4 studies included 2,112 diabetic patients and 2,081 non-diabetic patients were came from South America, and 1 study included 2,712 diabetic patients and 2,575 non-diabetic patients were came out of Asia. Thus, 11 case-control studies from 6 articles were included in our meta-analysis. Reports from other areas were limited. The detailed information of each study is shown in Table 1. We estimated the risk between T2D and control groups by comparing gene frequencies of the HMGA1 variant IVS5-13insC (del/ins, ins/ins) and the wild type (del/del).

Table 1: Characteristics of the 11 case-controls included in the meta-analysis
First author (years)	Disease	Country	Ethnicity	Non-diabetic patients genotype		Diabetic patients genotype
				Mutant type (c/c or c/-)	Wild type (-/-)	Mutant type (c/c or c/-)	Wild type (-/-)
Pullinger (2014)	T2D	America	Hispanic-American	293	531	135	185
Karnes (2013)	T2D	America	Hispanic-American	45	597	69	868
			African-American	6	147	6	210
			Caucasian	18	475	17	591
Chiefari (2013)	MetS	Italian	Caucasian	195	4821	299	3106
Chiefari (2013)	MetS	Turkish	Caucasian	57	703	72	587
Liu (2012)	T2D	China	Asian	354	2358	436	2139
Marquez (2012)	T2D	France	Caucasian	228	4159	267	4639
Chiefari (2011)	T2D	Italy	Caucasian	11	2533	237	3041
Chiefari (2011)	T2D	America	Caucasian	45	913	75	895
Chiefari (2011)	T2D	France	Caucasian	0	50	27	327
MetS: The metabolic syndrome is a common multicomponent disorder where insulin resistance is associated with an increased risk for type 2 diabetes (T2D), hypertension, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular disease (CVD).

Overall Meta-Analysis And Subgroup Analysis

A summary of the meta-analysis of the HMGA1 variant IVS5-13insC and T2D is shown in Figure 2. The HMGA1 variant IVS5-13insC was significantly associated with an increased risk of insulin resistance and T2D compared with that of healthy controls in overall populations (insulin resistance: OR = 0.61, 95% CI 0.56 to 0.66, P < 0.0001; T2D: OR = 0.67, 95% CI 0.61 to 0.73, P < 0.0001).

Figure 2: Meta-analysis of the HMGA1 variant IVS5-13insC and T2D

Subgroup analysis was performed according to different ethnic groups in this meta-analysis. Significant associations were found in Figure 3 (OR = 0.56, 95% CI: 0.49 to 0.65, P < 0.0001) in the Caucasian population; an increasing pattern was observed in non-Caucasian populations (Asian: OR = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.63 to 0.86, P < 0.0001, Hispanic-American: OR = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.65 to 1.01, P < 0.0001).

Publication bias: Egger’s test revealed a consistent outcome. Egger’s plot indicated a lack of publication bias.

Figure 3: Subgroup meta-analysis of different ethnic groups

Discussion

Retrospective

This meta-analysis is the first to identify the increased T2D vulnerability of the HMGA1 variant IVS5-13insC variant carriers; our result suggested that the HMGA1 variant IVS5-13insC variant is likely involved in T2D pathogenesis. However, a previous meta-analysis of Caucasians revealed that the HMGA1 variant IVS5-13insC is not associated with T2D. However, our meta-analysis of Caucasians and other populations showed that the HMGA1 variant IVS5-13insC may increase the prevalence of T2D. Furthermore, the HMGA1 variant IVS5-13insC may increase the prevalence of T2D in other ethnic groups.

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) on patients with T2D have identified associations between polymorphisms and mutations in some genes(Hale, et al., 2012). These genes have been regarded as potential T2D risk factors. However, current GWAS fail to detect an association between the HMGA1 variant IVS5-13insC and the presence of T2D. To the best of our knowledge, future meta-analyses that include GWAS datasets will help determine whether the IVS5-13insC shows a consistent association with T2D.

Limitations

The limitations of our study are as follows. First, only published studies in English were included in our data analysis; other languages or unpublished materials could be overlooked. Second, majority of the studies involved Caucasian populations, whereas four studies focused on non-Caucasian populations. Thus, further studies on other populations should be conducted to investigate such association among non-Caucasian populations. Third, the ORs obtained using comparison models were unadjusted; a precise analysis should be conducted if individual raw data were available. Finally, two meta-analyses indicated significant heterogeneity. Despite these restrictions, our study provided a comprehensive understanding of the association between the HMGA1 variant IVS5-13insC and risk of T2D.

Cross Sectional

In conclusion, the HMGA1 variant IVS5-13insC can be regarded as a new risk factor of the development of insulin resistance and T2D, particularly among Caucasians. Furthermore, Asian and Hispanic-American ethnic groups fail to indicate ethnic diversity of disease susceptibility. In the future, case-control investigations of many ethnic groups and communities should be performed to reveal whether the HMGA1 variant IVS5-13insC is associated with an increased risk of T2D and to determine ethnicity-specific effects.

Perspectives

HMGAl plays a crucial role in blood sugar balance as a structural transcription factor. We believe that an individual with the HMGA1 variant IVS5-13insC has clinical implications. First, the presence of these variants can serve as an early predictive marker of both insulin resistance and T2D, especially for individuals with family histories of T2D and related conditions. Second, the presence of these variants may predict responses to therapy(Smith, et al., 2010). T2D treatment is largely empirical and the prediction of specific responses to a therapeutic agent in any patient is difficult¹⁰. Patients with T2D and variants may respond differently to specific therapies, such as an insulin sensitizer, because HMGA1 variant IVS5-13insC defines a specific defect that decreases insulin receptor concentrations and insulin resistance. Third, individuals possessing functional HMGA1 variant IVS5-13insC and T2D may have different clinical courses from other patients with T2D, including differences in the development of complications. Fourth, the search for new therapies for T2D can include agents that upregulate HMGA1 expression. Finally, this conclusion provides some theoretical basis for HMGA1 single gene deletion- or mutation-induced insulin resistance as the underlying cause of T2D. Furthermore, IVS5-13insC can be regarded as a novel target of gene therapy for T2D and insulin resistance.

The exact biological mechanism underlying the association between the HMGA1 gene and risk of T2D remains uncertain. Functional studies and succeeding replications of these associations are necessary to define the potential role of the HMGA1 variant IVS5-13insC in predicting T2D developments. Although the current study provides this conclusion, further studies on HMGA1 are warranted to clarify the role of this gene in diabetes pathogenesis.

HMGA1 has been extensively investigated. HMGA1 is highly expressed in tumor cells; furthermore, HMGA1 is implicated in tumor initiation and progression by disrupting the stability of mitochondrial genome or by participating in the transcriptional regulation of gene expression related to tumors(Mao, et al., 2009). Thus, accurate physiological characteristics of HMGA1 polymorphism should be determined through several approaches.

Declaration of Interest

We declare that there no any financial or other potential conflict of interest, and there is no conflict of interest that could be perceived as prejudicing the impartiality of the research reported.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by grants from the Natural Scientific Foundation of Shandong Province, China (ZR2014CM046, ZR2010CQ031 and ZR2015CL019) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese medicine antivirus in Shandong University of Tranditional Chinese Medicine (XTCX2014B01-07).

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