^1*Dr.N.G.P. Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, India

^2,4Department of Computer Science, College of Engineering & Technology, Dambi Dollo University, Oromia Region, Ethiopia

^3, Department of Information Technology, College of Engineering & Technology, Dambi Dollo University, Oromia Region, Ethiopia

⁵Department of EEE, Roever Engineering College, Perambalur, India

Corresponding author email:  drkssece@gmail.com

Article Publishing History

INTRODUCTION

The microwave spectrum has  been used during past twenty decades in medical, industrial and scientific applications. The microwave imaging is one of the most suitable breast cancer detection techniques. Its main objective is the hypothesis that the dielectric properties, electrical properties, impedance matching, conductivity, permittivity of the cancerous breast’s tumor tissues are slightly different from the normal breast tissues and the cancerous organ’s tissues. Microwave frequencies are millimetre wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum. The MI system provided the non-ionizing and non-invasive approaches and showed reasonable penetration in the breast tissue surrounding of breast organ. The microwave imaging techniques were used in one pair of antennas (transmitter, receiver antenna). The transmitter transmitted the microwave signals to the breast and the internal tissues surrounding it.

The receiver side  scattered signals were reflected on it, which were  gathered by the receiver antenna. The cancerous (malignant tumors) and normal breast tissues have different dielectric permittivity and conductivity properties. Microwave signal is reflected by the cancerous tissue and the scatter signal will collect from the body as differently. Microwave signals through diagnosis trials  detected a malignant tumour   of 5-10 millimetre range with an accuracy of 85%. Moreover, the ultra-wideband microwave imaging systems have been used to   examine the breast cancer diagnosis,  (Meaney et al., 2000, Fear et al., 2002, Gibbins et al., 2009, Sakthisudhan et al., 2020).

A wideband antenna has been  operated under 4.5 GHz-10 GHz microwave frequencies. It was designed by cavity –backed patch antenna with a 3D array pattern which was replaced by monopole antennas with a 2D array pattern. The microwave imaging system, focusing on the following challenges and issues were discussed as, i)Ultra-Wide-Band antennas, ii) Compact size, iii) Steerable antennas, iv) Interference rejection factors,and v) Improved  radiation efficiency. Chu Yu et al (Yu et al., 2008) examined a prototype model for Microwave Imaging systems.

This system consisted of one pair of dipole antennas to avoid mutual coupling losses between two ports. This proposed system can effectively detect the dielectric size of object is 5 mm at 1.74 GHz imaging frequency. Similarly, the various microstrip patch antennas of surveys have demonstrated the various test beds such as, Dipole Antennas; Dielectric Resonator Antennas; Patch antennas; Slot antennas; Vivaldi antennas; Horn antennas and MEMS Micro electro mechanical systems -steerable antennas (Woten and El-Shenawee, 2008, Shi et al., 2009, Amineh et al., 2009, Huang and Kishk, 2009, Gibbins et al., 2009, Al-Joumayly et al., 2010, Bourqui et al., 2010, Hutchings and El-Shenawee, 2010, Amineh et al., 2010, See et al., 2012, Sakthisudhan et al., 2020).

The Microwave Imaging system, coupling materials are mandatory to reduce the mismatching between the antenna systems and the breast tissue. Transverse. The comparative study of slot antennas and stacked antennas  were used in the imaging systems (Sakthisudhan et al., 2020).In this research the microstrip patch antenna design and fabrication have been found  suitable for cancerous diagnosis applications.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

A 2×2 array pattern of E_F shaped Microstrip patch antenna has been illustrated in Figure 1. The proposed prototype is to be required the following design parameters, such as, selection of 5 GHz resonator frequency; FR4 dielectric substrate with dielectric constant is 4.6; and thickness of dielectric layer is 1mm. It consists of conductive strip of 12.64×17.9 mm²with mounted on 1 mm dielectric layer thickness. Therefore, it achieves a compact design of 18.64×24.9×1 mm³dimensional area.

Figure 1 a): Geometric coordinates (units in milimeter); b) simulation snapshot & c) fabricated prototypes of E_F Shaped with 2×2 grid pattern.

A proposed design is designed by mathematical modelling equation. The excitation port is etched on the ([a] matrix element) a₂₃E_F shaped element of the array pattern via 50Ω of RF-SMA connectors.  The proposed structure is fabricated with 4.6 dielectric constant with 1 mm thickness of FR4 material, mounted on the conductive ground plane strip via Surface Mount Adaptor (SMA) connector. The SMA connector is measured by Microwave Analyzer (Agilent N99917A) and this testing results are reliable and compared with the simulated prototype.(Sakthisudhan et al 2016, 2020)

Figure 2: Proposed prototypes impressed in coupling materials a) higher & b) conductive medium

A delivery of secondary research, the proposed prototypes with dielectric phantom model has been examined the scattered signal, which is illustrated in Figure 2. The dielectric phantom model consists of human equivalent model. It consolidated the different biological contents, which dielectric strengths are plotted in Table 1. Hence, these test bed have delivered the four different stages of results, they are early stage; minor stage, growing stage and major stages respectively.

Table 1. Contents of breast phantom model

S.No	Dielectric Materials	Biological Breast Contents	Standard   dielectric strength	Equivalent dielectric strength	Dielectric strength examined by measurements
1.	Human Breast Model	Cancerous Tissue	42-45	Coal Piece	43
2.		Breast Tissue	27-35	Wheat Flour	27.654
3.		Skin Layer	36-42	Glycerin	35.129
4.		Blood Components	50-60	Big Sugar	53.2
				Sugar	51.5
5.	Textile Woven Materials	Cotton Woven	3.9-7.5	Cotton	4.83
6.		Polyester Woven	2.8-4.5	Polyester	3.8
7.	Coupling Materials	Glycerin	43	Glycerin	40.41
8.		Vegetable Palm Oils	3.75	Vegetable Palm Oils	3.87

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The comparison of the fabricated MPA prototype with the simulated MPA design is shown in Figure 3. The return loss of 17.473 dB has been achieved at a resonant of 5.156 GHz and coverage of wide band of 4.8 to 6 GHz in the simulation structure. The return loss of 21.274 dB has been obtained at a resonance of 5.417 GHz, coverage of 4.89 to 5.3 GHz in the fabricated MPA prototypes. A comparison of the proposed MPA with the existing MPAs is listed in Table 2. MPAs require the UWB band of frequencies and ISM application standards. The fabricated MPAs results are justified with that of the simulated MPAs design and has improved FBW than the simulated MPA design. Hence, it is called as wideband prototypes (Sakthisudhan et al 2020).

Table 2. Performance study of proposed 2×2 Array of E_F Microstrip slots and Existing slots

S. No	Antenna Parameters	2×2 Array of EF Microstrip slots		Existing Microstrip slots
		Simulation design	Fabricated prototype	(Denidni et al., 2008)	(Hazra et al., 2013)	(Liu et al., 2010)	(Liu et al., 2011)	(Archevapanich et al., 2007)
1.	Shape of Patch Strips	2×2 Array of EF Shaped		E Shaped	P Shaped	Inverted L Shaped	Inverted L Shaped	E   Shaped
2.	Resonance fr (GHz)	5.156	5.417	5.8	2.45	2.42, 5.2	2.3, 3.6, 5.04	2.46, 5.3
3.	Return Loss S11 (dB)	17.473	21.274	<10	17.5	<10	>20	40.31
4.	Reflection Coefficient (Г)	0.13	0.09	0.316	0.133	0.316	0.1	0.1
5.	VSWR Ratio	1.31	1.19	1.92	1.3	1.92	1.22	1.22
6.	Reflected Power (%)	1.69	0.81	9.9	1.8	9.9	1	1
7.	Reflected Power (dB)	-17.7	-20.9	-10.03	-17.45	-10.03	-20.08	-20.08
8.	Mismatch  Loss (dB)	0.08	0.03	0.45	0.08	0.45	0.04	0.04
9.	Non Reflected Power-  dB	0.9665	0.9838	0.9	0.98	0.9	0.99	0.99
10.	Bandwidth Coverage GHz	4.8 to 6	4.89 to 6	4.8-6	2.35-2.25	2.34-2.55 4.8-7.2	2.14-2.52 2.82-3.74 5.15-6.02	2.4-2.52 4.82-6.32
11.	Fractional BW (%)	23.27%	20.49%	20.69	4.08	8.67,46.1	16.5, 25.56, 17.3	4.87 28.3
12.	Antenna Q Factor	4.3	10.8	4.83	24.5	97.1	5.79	3.53
13.	Dimension of Design (mm3)	18.7×23.9×1		15x25x5.78	110×158.5×1.52	25x30x05	20×30	27×17.3×1.575

Figure 3: Comparison of fabricated & simulated prototypes

These proposed  microstrip slots have been evaluated by the Existing Debye test bed setup, illustrated in Figure 2 (a & b).It  consists the pair of transreceiver antenna with human’s dielectric equivalent breast model. These scattered responses have examined under lower and higher coupling medium respectvely. Since, these proposed slots have impressed in these coupling medium. Figure 4  has gathered scattered signals from different resolution stages under Debye test beds. Finally, these results have analysed and segregated with dielectric equivalent of healthy organs. These results have described the early, minor, growing and major stages of cancerous organ respectively. Therefore, the spreading cancer tissues, depth has calculated in the Table 4.

Table 4. Analysis  of tumor characteristics of microstrip slot of E_F with an Existing Debye Test Beds

Proposed MPAs Based Debye Test Beds		Category of Screening stages	Depth of tumor At Major Stage Frequency fmajor(GHz)	Depth of tumor At Early Stage Frequency fearly (GHz)	Travelling Time  (ns)	Proposed microstrip antennas			(Fear et al., 2002) Analyzed in Existing Debye Test Beds Parameters			Physical Distance Between the Tumor  with MPAs (cm)
						Dielectric Strength of Tumor	Velocity of Propagation (mm/s)	Depth of Tumor by Numerical Analysis (mm)	Dielectric Strength of Tumbeen or	Velocity of Propagation (mm/s)	Depth of Tumor by Numerical Analysis (mm)
		Early-I 1cm	5	3.4	0.625	48.5	4.3×1010	53.75	9	1011	125	129.8
		Minor-II 2cm	5	3.45	0.65	48.5	4.3×1010	55.9	9	1011	130	127.4
		Growing-III 2.5 cm	5	3.5	0.667	48.5	4.3×1010	57.36	9	1011	133.4	109.2
		Major-IV 3 cm	4.99	3	0.503	48.5	4.3×1010	43.26	9	1011	100.6	110.4
	(Kiruthika and Sharma, 2011)	5	3.4	0.625	21.3	6.5×1010	81.25	9	1011	125	129.8	129.8
		5	3	0.503	21.3	6.5×1010	65.39	9	1011	100.6	127.4	127.4
		5	3.45	0.65	21.3	6.5×1010	84.5	9	1011	130	110.4	110.4
	(Salvador and Vecchi, 2009)	5	3.4	0.625	20 to 40	5.3×1010	66.25	9	1011	125	129.4	129.4
		4.99	3	0.503	60 to 80	3.1×1010	31.186	9	1011	100.6	109.2	109.2

Figure 4: Scattered Signals have gathered by Existing Debye Test-beds

CONCLUSION

A 2×2 grid pattern with E_F shaped fabricated prototypes has been demonstrated and validated by Network Analyzer in this research. Moreover, these prototypes have been compared with  the existing prototypes. It has delivered the resonant frequency of 5.417 GHz, wide band spectrum of bandwidth 4.89 to 6 GHz. The different tumor resolution characteristics have  been demonstrated under the existing Debye model. Hence, these data have provided the clinical diagnosis of the breast cancer. Furthermore, these analyses have offered the depth of cancerous organ under different resolution stages, which  can  be  used suitably  by radiology professionals.

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