* Department of Zoology, Silapathar Science College (P.G.), Assam
Science Technology University, Silapathar, Assam. , India

Corresponding auhor email:jashodeb@gmail.com

Article Publishing History

INTRODUCTION

Alike other animals, birds too are a remarkable part of ecosystem with amazing ecological values. They cover almost every corner of the planet. Globally there exists around 9000 species of birds of which india contributes 13% with 1300 species  (Grimmett et al., 2000). Birds are watcher’s delight, with their colorful appreance and melodious chirping, they not only increase the beauty of nature and provide intangible aesthetic enjoyment; they play many roles in ecosysytem (Watanuki et al.,2022). There exists a strong interdependence between birds and other organisms of this universe.

These warm blooded vertebrates help in pollination; birds like bulbul, parakeets help in seed dispersal; act as scavengers;  helps in pest control in crop fields; manages wetland grazing species like snails, periwinkles; acts as proficient gardeners(Beal et al., 2021) . Prior to their sensitiveness to habitat change, birds are considered as one of the most important indicators of environmental change (Pitera et al., 2021). They play significant role in controlling insect outbreak. Birds like Barn Swallow helps in mosquito control by eating around 850 mosquitoes each day (Vinod et al., 2023).

Lumding is a railway town and a municipal board of Nagaon district. It is the regional divisional headquarter of North –Eastern Frontier Railway, a big important junction and famous for Barak Valley Express, Cachar Express, Hill Queen Express, Agartala-Lumding Express, etc., which passes through scenic routes (Pawar and Salunkhe, 2014). It is also famous for cultural and educational excellence.

Initiated in 1964, The International Union for Conservation of Nature’s (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species has become the most reliable source regarding conservation of floral and faunal species of the earth (Miskelly et al., 2019). It accords information regarding the population, habitat, threats and conservation initiatives that assists us to take necessary steps towards protection. The Red List is an indicator of the exact position of worlds biodiversity (Sauve et al., 2021). It helps to protect natural resources on which we are dependent for survival. Hence, during our investigation, we checked our findings in the Red List to assure their future existence and safety.

METHODOLOGY

Lumding is a hilly landscape which is covered with dense reserve forest from all sides. Summers are burning here as well as winters can be chilling. Monsoon covers rainfall around 60-125mm. The only hill station of Assam i.e. Haflong is very closer to Lumding. Climate remaining favourable for agricultural practices (Arya and Rao, 2014).

Figure 1: Study area map

 

Species density and diversity can be good indicators for measuring abundance of birds in any locality (Javed and Rahmani, 1993). Our survey was carried out from January,2016 to December,2018, where almost all the seasons were covered like Summer (March-June) and Winter (November-March).

For spotting, following methods were preferred,

(1) point count method, (2) direct count method & (3) area search method.

Bird counting was performed from 5.00-8.00 am (morning) and 4.00-6.00 pm (evening). Various species of birds were observed during survey peroid. Observation was performed with the help of field binoculars (10×40). Pictures were captured with Digital Canon EOS 1300D, 18MP DSLR. Renouned Ornithologist Dr. Ghosh and his team from Zoological Survey of  India, remained physically present and helped in species identification. Species identification was confirmed with the help of “ Books of Birds of the Indian subcontinent” (Grimmett et al., 2000) and book of Salim Ali “The Book of Indian Birds”, Wikipedia and other resources.

Table 1: Checklist of avian fauna of Lumding Forest Reserve area

SL NO.	ORDER	FAMILY	COMMON NAME	SCIENTIFIC NAME	Feeding habits*	IUCN Red List (2019-22) status**
1	Passeriformes	Pycnonotidae	Red vented bulbul	Pycnonotus cafer	Nectivorous, Frugivorous, Insectivorous, Palynivorous	Least Concern
2		Campephagidae	Scarlet minivet	Pericrocotus speciosus	Insectivorous, Carnivorous Ophiophagous	Least Concern
3		Oriolidae	Black headed oriole	Oriolus larvatus	Frugivorous, Insectivorous	Least Concern
4			Indian Golden oriole	Oriolus kundoo	Frugivorous, Insectivorous, Nectivorous	Least Concern
5		Pittidae	Black crown pitta	Erythropitta ussheri	Carnivorous	Least Concern
6			Indian pitta	Pitta brachyura	Carnivorous, Insectivorous,	Least Concern
7		Orididae	Maroon oriole	Oriolus traillii	Insectivorous,, Nectivorous	Least Concern
8		Alaudidae	Eastern skylark ( Oriental skylark)	Alauda gulgula	Granivorous	Least Concern
9		Dicruridae	Racket tailed drongo	Dicrorus paradiseus	Insectivorous,, Nectivorous	Least Concern
10			Black drongo	Dicrorus macrocercus	Insectivorous,	Least Concern
11			Ashy drongo	Dicrorus leucophaeus	Insectivorous	Least Concern
12			Bronzed drongo	Dicrurus aeneus	Insectivorous	Least Concern
13		Nectariniidae	Nepal sunbird	Aethopyga nipalensis	Nectivorous	Least Concern
14		Sturnidae	Hill myna	Gracula religiosa	Omnivorous , Insectivorous, Frugivorous	Least Concern
15		Laniidae	White crowned shrike	Eurocephalus anguitimens	Insectivorous , Carnivorous	Least Concern
16			Bull headed shrike	Lanius bucephalus	Insectivorous , Carnivorous	Least Concern
17			Long tailed fiscal shrike	Larius collaris	Insectivorous , Carnivorous	Least Concern
18		Leiothrichidae	Jungle babbler	Argya striata	Insectivorous	Least Concern
19		Pycnonotidae	Black headed bulbul	Pycnonotus atriceps	Insectivorous, Frugivorous	Least Concern
20		Hirundinidae	Red rumped swallow	Cecropis daurica	Insectivorous	Least Concern
21		Passeri	Fairy blue bird	Irena puella	Insectivorous, Nectivorous	Least Concern
22		Chloropseidae	Gold fronted leafbird	Chroropsis aurifrons	Omnivorous	Least Concern
23			Orange bellied leafbird	Chloropsis hard wickii	Insectivorous, Nectivorous	Least Concern
24		Pycnonotidae	Brown eared bulbul	Hypsipetes amaurotis	Insectivorous, Frugivorous, Nectivorous	Least Concern
25		Mectarinidae	Large browed wagtail	Motacilla moderaspatensis	Insectivorous	Least Concern
26		Estrildidae	Spotted munia	Lonchura punctulata	Granivorous	Least Concern
27			Black headed munia	Lonchura malacca	Granivorous	Least Concern
28		Ploceidae	Baya weaver bird	Ploceus philippinus	Granivorous, Insectivorous	Least Concern
29		Dicruridae	Lesser racket tailed drongo	Dicrurus remifer	Insectivorous	Least Concern
30		Muscicapidae	White rumped magpie	Copsychus malabaricus	Insectivorous , Carnivorous	Least Concern
31		Sturnidae	Common myna	Acridotheres tristis	Insectivorous, Granivorous, Carnivorous, Omnivorous	Least Concern
32			White headed starling	Sturnia erythropygia	Insectivorous	Least Concern
33			Brahminy starling	Sturnus pagodarum	Omnivorous	Least Concern
34			Jungle myna	Acridotheres fuscus	Omnivorous	Least Concern
35			Indian Pied myna	Gracupica contra	Omnivorous	Least Concern
36		Motacilladae	Yellow wagtail	Motacilla flava	Insectivorous	Least Concern
37			Citrine wagtail	Motacilla citriola	Insectivorous	Least Concern
38		Turdidae	Common black bird	Turdus merula	Omnivorous	Least Concern
39		Vangidae	Indian wood shrike	Tephrodornis pondicerianus	Insectivorous	Least Concern
40		Motacilladae	Indian paddy field pipit	Anthus rufulus	Insectivorous	Least Concern
41		Paridae	Great tit	Parus major	Insectivorous	Least Concern
42		Alaudidae	Black lark	Melanocorypha yeltoniensis	Insectivorous	Least Concern
43			Sand lark	Alaudala raytal	Insectivorous	Least Concern
44		Corvidae	Jungle crow	Corvus culminatus	Frugivorous	Least Concern
45			House crow	Corvus splendens	Omnivorous	Least Concern
46		Monarchidae	Paradise flycatcher	Terepsiphone  paradisi	Insectivorous	Least Concern
47		Muscicapidae	Blue flycatcher	Cyornis tickelliae	Carnivorous	Least Concern
48		Chloropseidae	Leaf bird	Chloropsis flavipennis	Insectivorous, Frugivorous, Nectivorous	Vulnerable
49		Laniidae	Brown shrike	Lanius cristatus	Insectivorous	Least Concern
50		Muscicapidae	Shama bird	Copsychus malabaricus	Insectivorous, Frugivorous	Least Concern
51			Slaty backed forktail bird	Enicurus schistaceus	Carnivorous	Least Concern
52			Plumbeous redstart	Rhyacornis fuliginosa	Insectivorous, Carnivorous	Least Concern
53		Leiothrichidae	Grey sibia	Heterophasia gracilis	Insectivorous, Frugivorous	Least Concern
54			Jungle babbler	Turdoides striata	Insectivorous, Granivorous, Nectivorous	Least Concern
55			Common babbler	Argya  caudata	Omnivorous	Least Concern
56			White crowned shrike	Eurocephalus ruppelli	Carnivorous	Least Concern
57		Psittaculidae	Alexandrine parakeet	Psittacula eupatria	Omnivorous	Near Threatened
58		Laniidae	Red breasted parakeet	Psittacula alexandri	Frugivorous, Granivorous	Near Threatened
59		Pnoepygidae	Pygmy cupwing	Pnoepyga pusilla	Insectivorous	Least Concern
60		Pellorneidae	Brown capped babbler	Pellomeum fuscocapillus	Insectivorous	Least Concern
61			Marsh spotted babbler	Pellomeum palustre	Insectivorous	Vulnerable
62		Paradoxornithidae	Grey headed parrot bill	Psittiparus gularis	Insectivorous	Least Concern
63		Corvidae	Red whiskered bulbul	Pycnonotus jocosus	Insectivorous, Frugivorous	Least Concern
64			Black browed treepie	Dendrocitta frontalis	Carnivorous	Least Concern
65	Passeridae	House sparrow	Passer domesticus	Insectivorous	Least Concern
66		Tree sparrow	Passer montanus	Insectivorous	Least Concern
67	Paridae	Oriental tit	Parus minor	Omnivorous, Molluscivorous	Least Concern
68	Anatidae	Pin tail duck	Anas acuta	Granivorous	Least Concern
69	Piciformes	Megalaimidae	Large green barbet	Psilopogon zeylanicus	Frugivorous, Insectivorous	Least Concern
70			Coppersmith barbet	Psilopogon haemacephalus	Frugivorous	Least Concern
71		Picidae	Golden backed woodpecker	Dinopium benghalense	Insectivorous	Least Concern
72			Large golden backed woodpecker	Chrysocolaptes guttacristatus	Frugivorous, Insectivorous, Granivorous	Least Concern
73			Rufous piculet	Sasia abnormis	Insectivorous, Carnivorous	Least Concern
74			Darjeeling pied woodpecker	Dendrocopos darjellensis	Insectivorous	Least Concern
75			Heart spotted woodpecker	Hemicircus canente	Insectivorous	Least Concern
76			Large yellow fronted woodpecker	Melanerpes flavifrons	Insectivorous, Frugivorous	Least Concern
77			Rufous woodpecker	Micropternus brachyurus	Insectivorous, Frugivorous, Nectivorous	Least Concern
78	Bucerotiformes	Bucerotidae	Grey hornbill	Ocyceros  birostris	Granivorous	Least Concern
79		Upupidae	Hoopoe	Upupa  sp	Insectivorous , Carnivorous	Least Concern
80	Gruiformes	Rallidae	Coot	Fulica atra	Omnivorous	Least Concern
81		Rallidae	Common moorhen	Gallinula chloropus	Omnivorous	Least Concern
82			Western swamphen	Porphyrio porphyrio	Omnivorous	Least Concern
83		Ardeidae	Little egret	Egretta garzetta	Carnivorous	Least Concern
84	Apodiformes	Trochilidae	Ruby throated hummingbird	Archilochus colubris	Insectivorous,	Least Concern
85	Accipitriformes	Accipitridae	Indian white rumped vulture	Gyps bengalensis	Carnivorous	Critically Endangered
86			Shikra ( Indian shikra)	Accipiter badius	Insectivorous	Least Concern
87			Pariah kite	Milvus migrans	Carnivorous, Avivorous	Least Concern
88			Pied harrier	Circus melanoleucos	Insectivorous, Avivorous	Least Concern
89			Crested serpent eagle	Spilornis cheela	Insectivorous, Ophiophagous	Least Concern
90			Black winged kite	Elanus caeruleus	Insectivorous	Least Concern
91			Black eared baza	Aviceda leuphotes	Insectivorous	Least Concern
92			Changeable hawk eagle	Nisaetus cirrhatus	Avivorous	Least Concern
93			Crested serpent eagle	Spilornis cheela	Carnivorous, Avivorous, Carnivorous	Least Concern
94			White tailed eagle	Haliaeetus albicilla	Carnivorous	Least Concern
95	Columbiformes	Columbidae	Spotted dove	Stiloopelia chinensis	Frugivorous, Granivorous, Insectivorous	Least Concern
96			Ring necked dove	Streptopelia capicola	Frugivorous, Granivorous, Insectivorous	Least Concern
97			Emerald dove	Chalcophaps indica	Frugivorous	Least Concern
98			Red turtle dove	Streptopelia  tranque baricha	Granivorous,	Least Concern
99			Green imperial pigeon	Ducula aenea	Granivorous	Near Threatened
100			Rock pigeon	Columba livia	Granivorous, Frugivorous, Insectivorous	Least Concern
101			Imperial pigeon	Dacula  sp	Frugivorous	Least Concern
102			Spotted dove	Spoilopelia chinenois	Insectivorous	Least Concern
103	Coraciiformes	Meropidae	Chestnut headed bee eater	Merops leschenaulti	Insectivorous	Least Concern
104			Green bee eater	Merops orientalis	Insectivorous , Carnivorous	Least Concern
105		Alcedinidae	White breasted kingfisher	Halcyon smyrnensis	Insectivorous , Carnivorous	Least Concern
106			Common kingfisher	Alcedo anthis bengalensis	Carnivorous, Insectivorous, Piscivorous	Least Concern
107	Trogoniformes	Trogonidae	Red headed trogon	Harpactes erythrocephalus	Insectivorous	Least Concern
108	Cuculiformes	Cuculidae	Crow pheasant	Centropus sinensis	Carnivorous	Least Concern
109			Asian koel	Eudynamys scolopaceus	Omnivorous	Least Concern
110	Galliformes	Phasianidae	Black francolin	Francolinus francolinus	Insectivorous	Least Concern
111			Grey partridge	Perdix perdix	Insectivorous, Granivorous	Least Concern
112			Jungle bush quail	Perdicula asiatica	Frugivorous , Granivorous	Least Concern
113			Red jungle fowl	Gallus gallus	Frugivorous	Least Concern
114			Kalij pheasant	Lophura leucomelanos	Omnivorous	Least Concern
115		Dicacidae	Plain coloured flower pecker	Diacacum minullum	Frugivorous, Nectivorous	Least Concern
116		Pycnorotidae	Black bulbul	Hypsipetes leucocephalus	Insectivorous, Granivorous	Least Concern
117	Ciconiiformes	Ciconiidae	Greater adjutant	Leptoptilos dubius	Omnivorous, Carnivorous	Endangered
118			Lesser adjutant	Leptoptilos javanicus	Omnivorous, Carnivorous, Piscivorous	Vulnerable
119			Black necked stork	Ephippiorhynctus asiaticus	Carnivorous	Near Threatened
120			Scaly breasted stork	Anastomus oscitans	Carnivorous, Molluscivorous	Least Concern
121	Suliformes	Phalacrocoracidae	Little cormorant	Microcarbo niger	Carnivorous	Least Concern
122			Large cormorant	Phalacrocorax carbo	Carnivorous	Least Concern
123			Indian cormorant	Phalacrocorax fusicollis	Carnivorous	Least Concern
124		Anhingidae	Darter	Anhinga sp	Piscivorous	Near threatened
125	Pelecaniformes	Ardeidae	Great egret	Ardea alba	Carnivorous	Least Concern
126			Medium egret	Ardea intermedia	Carnivorous	Least Concern
127			Cattle erget	Bubulcus ibis	Carnivorous	Least Concern
128			Yellow bittern	Ixobrychus sinensis	Carnivorous	Least Concern
129			Chinese pond heron	Ardeola bacchus	Carnivorous	Least Concern
130			Indian pond heron	Ardeola grayii	Carnivorous	Least Concern
131			Night  heron	Nycticorax nyctanassa	Insectivorous, Avivorous, Piscivorous	Least Concern
132			Bittern	Botaurus stephens	Carnivorous	Least Concern
133			Tiger heron	Tigrisoma lineatum	Carnivorous	Least Concern
134	Strigiformes	Strigidae	Jungle owlet	Glaucidium radiatum	Insectivorous	Least Concern
135			Brown fish owl	Ketupa zeylonensis	Piscivorous	Least Concern
136		Tytonidae	Barn owl	Tyto alba	Carnivorous	Least Concern
137	Anseriformes	Anatidae	Common pochard	Aythya ferina	Molluscivorous, Insectivorous	Vulnerable
138			Lesser whistling duck	Dendrocygna  javanica	Gregarious	Least Concern
139			Brahminy duck	Tadorma ferruginea	Omnivorous	Least Concern
140	Charadriiformes	jacanidae	Pheasant tailed jacana	Hydrophasianus chirurgus	Insectivorous, Molluscivorous	Least Concern
141			Bronze winged jacana	Metopidius indicus	Insectivorous	Least Concern
142		Charadriidae	Red wattled lapwing	Vanellus indicus	Insectivorous, Granivorous, Molluscivorous	Least Concern
143			Spur winged lapwing	Vanellus spinosus	Insectivorous	Least Concern
144		Laridae	River tern	Sterna aurantia	Insectivorous, Piscivorous	Vulnerable
145			Indian robin	Saxicoloides fulicatus	Insectivorous	Least Concern
146		Scolopacidae	Long toed stint	Calidris subminuta	Insectivorous, Molluscivorous, Granivorous	Least Concern

*Piscivorous: fish eater birds; Palynivorousbirds: pollen eater birds;  Nectivorous: necter eater birds; Ophiophagous: snake eater birds;  Mucivorous: mucus eater birds;  Molluscivorous: mollusce eater birds; Granivorous:  grain eater birds; Frugivorous: fruit eater birds;  Carnivorous: meat eater birds; Avivorous:  bird eater birds.

**Extinct in the wild (EW) – Known only to survive in captivity;  Extinct (EX) – No known individuals remaining;  Critically Endangered (CR) – Extremely high risk of extinction in the wild;  Endangered (EN) – High risk of extinction in the wild;  Vulnerable (VU) – High risk of endangeredment in the wild;  Near Threatened (NT) – Likely to become endangered soon;  Least Concern (LC) – Lowest risk. Does not qualify for a more at risk category;  Data Deficient (DD) – Not enough data to assess its risk of extinction;  Not Evaluated (NE) – Has not yet ben evaluated against the criteria.

Figure 2:  Graphical representation showing order wise abundance
of avian fauna in Lumding Forest Reserve area

Figure3: Graphical representation showing IUCN status of avian
fauna spotted in Lumding Forest Reserve area

Figure4: Pictures of some birds spotted from Lumding Forest Reserve area

Figure 5: Pictures of some birds spotted from Lumding Forest Reserve area

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

North-East India refers to the easternmost region of India consisting of contiguous seven sister states, Sikkim and parts of North Bengal (district of Darjeeling , Jalpaiguri and Kochbihar) (Javed and Rahmani, 1993). North East India is ethnically distinct from the other states of India, linguistically the region is distinguished by preponderance of Tibeto- Burman languages. Strong ethnic cultures that had escaped sanskritization effects permeate the region. The eight states from a special category is officially recognized (Peralta et al., 2020).

Lumding Reserve Forest is a compact large block of forest, measuring 252.9 sq. Kms and comparatively has less human disturbance. This forest gives shelter to a large variety of floral as well as faunal species (Arya and Rao, 2014). As the forest area of neighbouring Karbi Anglong district and N.C.Hills district are affected by shifting cultivation, the herbs of Asiatic Elephant takes shelter in Lumding Reserve Forest (Joshi and Shrivastava, 2012).

The principal type of forest found in Lumding is degraded moist mixed deciduous forest type (Khan, Rao and Wani, 2012). Lumding Reserve Forest is also habitat for a huge variety of medicinal plants like Sarpagandha, Basaka, Ahoi, Hilikha, etc. Among all the floral species Teak and Gamari are found to dominate in Lumding Reserve Forest (Javed and Rahmani, 1993). Among the climbers, Mikennia sp. predominates where canopy is open and other climbers are Bridelia sp., Butea parviflora, disoscorea sp., Clematis sp. . Himalayan black bear, Clouded Leopard, Crab eating mongoose, Slow loris, Assamese Macaque, Hoolock gibbon, Asiatic jackal,etc. comes under faunal diversity of Lumding.

146 species of birds were spotted from Lumding Forest Reserve area during our survey; Of which, 17 different avian orders including Passeriformes, Columbiformes, Accipitriformes ,  Piciformes, Bucerotiformes ,Gruiformes, Apodiformes, Coraciiformes, Trogoniformes, Cuculiformes, Galliformes, Ciconiiformes, Suliformes , Pelecaniformes , Strigiformes, Anseriformes, Charadriiformes were detected. Noticably, Passeriformes showed highest species frequency with 46.25% abundance which was followed by Accipitriformes (6.8%), Piciformes and Pelecaniformes(6.12%) ; Columbiformes(5.44%); Galliformes and Charadriiformes(4.76%); Gruiformes, Coraciiformes, Suliformes, Ciconiiformes(2.72%); Strigiformes, Anseriformes(2.04%); Cuculiformes, Bucerotiformes (1.36%); Trogoniformes , Apodiformes (0.68%). Under 17 spotted orders, total 76 families were recorded. Passeriformes came out with maximum number of families (44).

The IUCN status of avian species richness of Lumding revealed that 92.51% birds of Limding are Least Concern indicating their sufficient existance, where as 3.4% are Near Threatened, 2.72%  are Vulnerable, 0.68% are Critically Endangered and Endangered. Birds like River tern, Common pochard, Lesser adjutant, Greater adjutant, Indian white rumped vulture, Marsh spotted babbler, Black necked stork , Alexandrine parakeet , Darter which were found under Critically Endangered,  Near Threatened, Vulnerable and Endangered category of  IUCN demands our attention to work for their conservation and protection from becoming extinct. 

CONCLUSION

Its extremely worrying that the number of Critically Endangered birds on the IUCN Red List continues to increase, despite successful conservation initiatives around the world”, says Simin Stuart, Chair of IUCN’s Species Survival Commission. Hence, it becomes immense important to work for the safety and security of birds at global level. Although our work was very small but we expect that it will motivate other researchers to work in this field so that rare species of birds can servive for long.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Authors are greatful to Dr. Ghosh (Ornithologist) and his team from Zoological Survey of  India, for their full hearted cooperation, involvement and remaining physically present during the investigation period and helping in identification of birds.

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