PG and Research Department of Zoology,Vivekanandha College of Arts and Sciences
for Women,Tiruchengode – 637 205, Tamilnadu, India.

Corresponding author email: drvijayalakshmi@vicas.org

Article Publishing History

INTRODUCTION

Human plaque is a prevalent disease in the world. A universal, 36% of the population  affected approximately  has decay in their permanent teeth. WHO estimates that virtually all human beings have tooth decay at some point in their lifetimes.  Infant teeth  distresses about 9% of the residents (Vos et al., 2012, Bagramian et al., 2009). The main reason is  the formation of tooth decay  causing  destruction of oral tissues by lactic acid from bacterial fermentation of carbohydrates, resulting  in the caries development. Streptococcus  and Lactobacillus play  major role in establishment of tooth decay (Chen and Wang, 2010, Al-Zahrani et al., 2022).

In ancient times, the development of tooth decay was  mainly exhibited by primary microbes especially Lactobacillus spp. (Owen et al, 1949) and the pathogen appeared throughout the foremost years of infant’s life  causing root caries and periodontal diseases (Badet and Thebaud, 2008, Austin et al., 1999). Currently, some anti-drugs prescribed for the treatment of plaque disease. But the distress pathogenic dental microbe fully oppose towards presently updated antibiotic medicine. One of the techniques to decrease the drug resistant is by using antibiotic resistant inhibitor from starfish Asterias rubens in the way of extract containing  the therapeutic compound. Starfish extracts   can eliminate the target sites of the emerging dental pathogens because of their   antibacterial potential ability  as earlier, Asterias rubens,  from numerous tissues like  coelomocyte and body wall  have shown to inhibit the pathogens, (Haug et al., 2002,  Zahrani et al., 2022).

Hence the  present study  has  been attempted to highlight  role of the extract of the  marine echinoderm, Asterias rubens  which  can be  use as a   prospective source for derivation of  extraction of therapeutic compound, which can have anti- caries  activity, as it can  breakdown the biofilm formation this  can  be a possible  treatment for caries infection in future.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Collection of Plaque Sample: In this study childhood decay samples were collected from 50 patients attending the outdoor patients in Fen Dental Clinic, Tirupur District using sterile forceps. In this research 10% concentration of NaCl saline is used as a transport medium for enumerating the lactic acid bacteria.

Isolation of bacteria : After collection of dental sample, the decay sample serially diluted with peptone broth for minimizing bacterial growth for extracting 0.1ml culture plated over the Man Rogosa Sharpe agar for isolating child major dental pathogen Lactobacillus acidophilus.

Identification of Bacterial Isolates :In this research, all plaque pathogenic isolates identified by various biochemical character and 16Sr-RNA gene sequencing method.

Biofilm Assay:The decay isolates were grown on nutrient broth with and without 5% glucose, incubated overnight in microtiter plates at 37°C. End of incubation, the micro titer plate finally treat with crystal violet solution for exactly verify the ring of dental biofilm as visible as purple ring over the microtiter plate. The clinical cariogenic isolate showing maximum biofilm formation was chosen for antibacterial activity.

Collection of Star Fish :Sea star – Asterias rubens specimen were collected from Mandapam Coast, Chinnapalam – Thoppukadu Theevu, Rameshwaram Dt. The specimen were cleaned with sea water at the sampling site of Thoppukadu to remove sediments and contamination, then it was put in sterile polythene bags and stored in ice box suddenly transported to the laboratory for isolation of bio-medically active extract for treatment of dental pathogen.

Preparation of the crude extracts:The samples of star fish Asterias rubens were grinded by mortar and pestle instrument. Then, the extracts were filtered using Whatman No. 1 filter paper and it was mixed with dimethyl sulphoxide solution (10ml). In this study the antagonistic activity of starfish with DMSO extract was screened against dental pathogen.

Antibacterial bioassay:Pharmaceutical activity of 50, 100 and 150µl concentration of starfish extract was performed by well assay against lactic acid bacteria and the results were detected by measuring the diameter of inhibition zone around the dental bacterial colony and the measurement expressed in mm in diameter.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Totally, 50 L. acidophilus lactic acid acidic strains isolated from 50 dental samples were identified by biochemical, biofilm production and 16SrRNA Gene Sequencing.  In this study screening of cariogenic dental biofilm was analyzed with 5% concentration of glucose in the nutrient medium at 37°C. The micro titer plates filed with 5% con. of glucose concentrated medium with cariogenic grown culture were inoculated in each well. After incubation the plates  were analyzed for the production of biofilm around the well of micro titer plate. Among 50 isolates the utmost strong effect of biofilm was observed in the strain no. MTLA32, MTLA50 followed by the strain no. MTLA2, MTLA3, MTLA4, MTLA5, MTLA6, MTLA7, MTLA8, MTLA9, MTLA10, MTLA11, MTLA12, MTLA13, MTLA14, MTLA15, MTLA16, MTLA17, MTLA18, MTLA19, MTLA20, MTLA21, MTLA22, MTLA23, MTLA24, MTLA25, MTLA26, MTLA27, MTLA28, MTLA29, MTLA30, MTLA31, MTLA33, MTLA34, MTLA35, MTLA36, MTLA37, MTLA38, MTLA39, MTLA40, MTLA41, MTLA42, MTLA43, MTLA44, MTLA45, MTLA46, MTLA47, MTLA48 and MTLA49 (Fig. 1).

Figure 1: Biofilm Production from Dental Pathogen Lactobacillus acidophilus

In the present study marine star fish (Fig. 2)  was collected from Thoppu Kaadu , Rameshwaram, Mandapam Coastal area with the help of sea shore community peoples and the marine star fish identified at CMFRI.

Figure 2: Marine Star Fish

In this research anti-cariogenic activity of marine star fish Asterias Rubens extract was performed by well assay against dental acidic pathogen. Result indicated that this study the utmost zone of inhibition 32mm, 48mm and 52mm was observed in strain no. MTLA32 followed by the zone of inhibition 25mm, 28mm and 38mm was observed in strain no. MTLA50 at the 50, 100 and 150µl concentration of novel star fish extracts (Fig.3).

Figure 3: Antibacterial activity of the starfish against biofilm producing Lactobacillus acidophilus

Table 1: Antibacterial activity of the starfish against biofilm producing Lactobacillus acidophilus

S. No	Strain. No	Sponge concentration (50μg)
		50μl	100μl	150μl
1	MTLA32	32	48	52
2	MTLA50	25	28	38

In this study examination of cariogenic strain Lactobacilli in 50 deep caries samples the strain No. MTLA32 and MTLA50 is predominantly exhibit strong the biofilm by tooth decay isolates. This is due to the presence of acidogenic microbe Lactobacillus in the oral cavity it depends on various factors such as the existence of biological niches (Loesche et al., 1984).

In present research the  utmost biofilm creation has  induced in the presence of 5% concentration of glucose by the dental pathogen L. acidophilus. This result is in agreement with that of  Christensen et al., (1985)  who found that the glycocalyx development and bacterial observance both  can  improve the strong biofilm creation due to the presence of glucose absorption in bacterial growth media. Remarkably, Phylum Echinodermata – Marine starfishes, have a huge number of therapeutic drug molecules  in their body, therefore, our research was to focus on the therapeutic properties of bioactive substances in the form of crude extracts of star fish species, Asterias rubens collected from the Rameshwaram Sea, Thoppukadu Theevu, Tamil Nadu India.

The medical activity of the extract was done by well assay techniques. In the present investigation, a well-defined antimicrobial activity of sea star crude extracts has been observed besides a   strong biofilm producing dental strains such as  MTLA 32 and MTLA 50. However, the values of the antibacterial activity ranged between 25 mm to 52 mm as inhibition zones. This  potential ability of the   star fish extracts therapeutic activity is  in agreement  with that of Layson et al., (2014)  who showed that the  extracted  pharmaceutically active drug from marine sea star Linckia laevigata and Oreaster nodusus, had  significant  biomedical activity  against  the pathogenic Escherichia coli.

CONCLUSION

The present research concluded that the marine Asterias Rubens – star fish extract is drastically effective against tooth decay organism Lactobacillus acidophilus at 50, 100 and 150µl. Hence these therapeutic extracts act as gold standard multi functional broad spectrum activity to kill the dental pathogen around the oral surroundings of infants and this paper assure that there is no any side effect at the time of treatment of dental caries in future. So this research paper proved to exhibit various kind of biomedical applications of the phylum Echinodermata make it a viable option for use in all dental emergencies in childhood caries in future.

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