Ecological

Communication

Biosci. Biotech. Res. Comm. 11(3): 512-517 (2018)

Tap water quality assessment of some selected regions

of Mhow, District Indore India

Anshu Jain*

, Amrita Khatri

and Anis Siddiqui

Department of Zoology, Government Mata Jijabai Postgraduate Girls College, Indore. M.P.

Department of Zoology, Government Postgraduate College, Badnagar, Ujain, M.P.

ABSTRACT

An attempt has been made to analyse the physicochemical and bacteriological examination of ground water (Tap

water) seasonally (rainy, winter and summer seasons) at selected regions of Mhow Tehsil area (Sangi Street, Raj

Mohalla, Kali Mata Mandir area, Cantonment Board area and Main Street) for two years, during 2011-2013. During

physicochemical examination, Water Colour, Temperature (°C), pH values, Total hardness (mg/lit), Speci c conductiv-

ity (μmhos/cm), Total alkalinity (mg/lit), TDS (mg/lit), Chloride (mg/lit), Fluoride (mg/lit), Nitrate (mg/lit), Phosphate

(mg/lit), Sulphate (mg/lit) and BOD (mg/lit), DO (mg/lit) and COD (mg/lit) values have been analyzed however, the

total coliforms (MPN/100ml) and faecal coliforms (MPN/100ml) were also estimated during bacteriological examina-

tion. Continuous monitoring and environment management programs should be run properly to manage the elements

in limit range which is necessary to control drinking water pollution.

KEY WORDS: TAP WATER, MHOW TEHSIL AREA, PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND BACTERIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION

512

ARTICLE INFORMATION:

*Corresponding Author: anshujain7284@gmail.com

Received 22

June, 2018

Accepted after revision 19

Sep, 2018

BBRC Print ISSN: 0974-6455

Online ISSN: 2321-4007 CODEN: USA BBRCBA

Thomson Reuters ISI ESC / Clarivate Analytics USA and

Crossref Indexed Journal

NAAS Journal Score 2018: 4.31 SJIF 2017: 4.196

Online Contents Available at: http//www.bbrc.in/

DOI: 10.21786/bbrc/11.3/22

INTRODUCTION

Ground water plays an important role in our environ-

ment and our economics. In the environment it sup-

ports rivers, lakes, wetlands, springs, ponds, marshland,

swamps, streams and used as an important sources of

freshwater around the world. Groundwater is available

at purest form in nature which is colourless and taste-

less. Safe potable water is not likely to be harm humans

which keeps heal

thy lives throughout the world. The

quality of ground water depends on various physi-

ochemical constitutes and their geographical data of the

particular region. Ground water is the major sources of

drinking water. The clean drinking water is one of the

essential compounds that profoundly in uence life. The

de ciency of the clean water increases day by day due to

Anshu Jain, Amrita Khatri and Anis Siddiqui

pollution of water. In recent years, an increasing threat

to ground water quality is the results of human activ-

ity at ground water. Now water is getting contaminated,

which can cause water borne diseases and gets health

hazards, (Shahida and Ummatul, 2015, Singh 2016, Jena

and Sinha, 2017, Nagaraju et al., 2018 and Patil 2018).

It has been reported that the more than 90% of popu-

lation of various states in our country are dependent

upon groundwater source for drinking and other pur-

poses (Ramachandraiah, 2004; Tank, 2010). Now days,

groundwater is used in agricultural and industrial sector

(Ramesh and Soorya, 2012). However, due to increase in

industrialization and urbanization, deterioration in the

quality of groundwater has been noticed (Laluraj et al.,

2005 Leelavathi et al., 2016; Prajapati and Rokde, 2016;

Behailu et al., 2017; Soni and Singh, 2018).

The availability of pure water through surface and

groundwater resources has become more critical day

today. Only 1% of surface and groundwater resources

are available on earth for drinking purpose, domestic

purpose, power generation, industrial consumption,

agricultural purpose, transportation and waste disposal

(Mishra et al., 2002; Tahir, et al., 2008). The majority

of the recent problems related to drinking water con-

tamination, associated with pollution of surface and

ground water resources and with the formation of reac-

tion by-products resulting from the use of disinfectants

and oxidants in drinking water treatment, are closely

connected with the rapid advances in analytical tech-

niques. It has been noticed that the most common and

wide spread danger associated with drinking water is the

direct or indirect contamination by sewage, human and

agriculture, chemical and industrial in uents etc. (Clark

et.al., 1982 and WHO, 1985). It is therefore considering

the importance of health problem in context of ground

water (Tap water) contamination.

Mhow is that the cantonment of the Indore district in

M.P. The water from the main source is the municipal

corporation supply to ful l the need of population. Thus

quality of potable and non potable Tap water resource of

Mhow is an urgent need to protect human health. Hence,

it was thought to study physico-chemical and bacterio-

logical parameters of different Tap water resources of

Mhow. Therefore a continuous periodical monitoring of

water quality is necessary. In order to protect human

health from different water borne and water related dis-

eases appropriate steps should be taken. The study will

be helpful in the management of water resources and

save human health of Mhow Tehsil from environmental

pollution.

Although various workers have contributed in the

 eld of water monitoring related to health problems in

various parts of India, yet most of the parts of Madhya

Pradesh are neglected even today. Mhow is a canton-

ment of Indore, but there is no work done in this area.

Therefore, looking to the importance from health point

of view, the present work has been aimed to analysis of

potable or non-potable Tap water resources of Mhow

Tehsil. The undertaken work has been aimed to study

the physicochemical and bacteriological examination

of ground water (Tap water) seasonally (rainy, winter

and summer seasons) at selected regions of Mhow Tehsil

area (Sangi Street, Raj Mohalla, Kali Mata Mandir area,

Cantonment Board area and Main Street) during 2011-

2013.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The physicochemical and bacteriological examinations of

ground water (Tap water) were analyzed seasonally (rainy,

winter and summer seasons) as per standard methods

of APHA (2005). The samples were collected seasonally

(Winter–December/January, Rainy–July/August, Sum-

mer–April/May) from the various sampling station in the

morning (between 8 a.m. to 11 a.m.) for the consecutive

two year (2011- 2012 and 2012 -2013). For the analysis of

physicochemical parameter of ground water (Tap water)

APHA, 2005 was applied.

• Hydrogen ion concentration (pH): The hydrogen

ion activity of the water sample was measured

with the help of calibrated analyzer (pH meter).

• Colour: Colour of water was observed by visual

comparison method.

• Temperature: The water samples were collected in

suitable container, measured with the help of mer-

cury thermometer.

• Speci c conductivity: It was measured with the

help of a Conductivity meter. The unit of conduc-

tivity measurement is μmhos/cm.

• Dissolved oxygen: Dissolved Oxygen was meas-

ured titrimetrically by Winkler’s method

• Biochemical oxygen demand: Biochemical oxy-

gen demand was estimated by 5 days BOD method

(APHA, 2005).

• Chemical oxygen demand: Chemical oxygen

demand was estimated through titrimetric method

• Alkalinity: Total Alkalinity was estimated by titri-

metric method

• Sulphate: Sulphate was estimated by gravimetric

method.

• Phosphate: Phosphate was measured by spectro-

metric method

• Nitrate: Nitrate was measured by spectrometric

method

• Total Hardness: Hardness was the combination of

Ca or Mg ions. The total hardness was estimated by

titrimetric method

BIOSCIENCE BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS TAP WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF SOME SELECTED REGIONS OF MHOW TEHSIL, DISTRICT INDORE (M.P.) 513

Anshu Jain, Amrita Khatri and Anis Siddiqui

• Chloride: Chloride was estimated by argentometric

method

• Fluoride: Fluoride was estimated by SPADNS calo-

rimetric method

• Methods for analysis of bacteriological parameter

Bacteriological parameters of ground water (Tap water)

were also analysed as per standard methods of APHA

(2005).Total coliform microbes (Bacteria) - Total coli-

form in ground water were estimated by multiple tube

method. Results were obtained in MPN (Most Probable

Number) per 100 ml by consulting the MPN table.Faecal

coliform microbes (Bacteria) - Faecal coliform were also

estimated by multiple tube method by using BGB broth.

Results were also documented in MPN (Most Probable

Number) per 100 ml by consulting the Most Probable

Number table.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The results obtained in present investigation have been

summarized by Figures (1-5). The true colour has been

noticed for tap water around all the studied area during

rainy, winter and summer seasons during 2011-2013. The

highest and the lowest temperature (°C) were recorded

as 40

(Summer, 2012 -2013) for Main street and 13

C (Winter, 2011-12) for Sangi Street, respectively. The

pH values were noticed the lowest as 7.1 (Rainy, 2011

-2012) for Main street and the highest as 8.1 (Summer,

2012-13) for Main street also. Whereas, the total hard-

ness (mg/lit) were estimated the lowest as 100 mg/lit

(Rainy, 2011-12, for Sangi Street and Raj Mohalla both)

and this value were analysed the highest as 139 mg/ lit

(Summer, 2012-13, for Cantonment Board area). Speci c

conductivity (μmhos/cm) value were noticed the lowest

and the highest as 176 μmhos/cm (Rainy, 2011 -2012)

for Sangi Street and 412 μmhos/cm ((Rainy, 2012-13)

for Kali Mata Mandir area, respectively. Total alkalinity

(mg/ lit) value were found to be the lowest as 74 mg/ lit

(Rainy, 2012-13, for Raj Mohalla both) and the highest

as 110 mg/ lit (Summer, 2011 -2012 for Kali Mata Mandir

area and Main street both).

The values of TDS(mg/ lit) were noticed highest as

289 mg/ lit (Rainy, 2012-13, for Kali Mata Mandir area)

and lowest as 158 mg/ lit (Winter, 2011-12, for Can-

tonment Board area).Whereas, Chloride (mg/ lit) value

has been calculated the lowest as 120 mg/ lit (Rainy,

2011 -2012 for Kali Mata Mandir area) and the highest as

230mg/ lit (Summer, 2011 -2012, for Cantonment Board

area). Fluoride (mg/lit), Nitrate (mg/lit), Phosphate (mg/

lit) and BOD (mg/lit) value were  uctuated in the range

of 0.1 -0.6, 1.1-1.7, 0.01-0.02 and 1.0-2.0 respectively

during studied season of experimental period. The value

of Sulphate (mg/lit) were found the highest as 82mg/lit

(Rainy, 2011-2012) for Sangi Street and the lowest as

19mg/lit (Summer, 2011-12) for Main street.

The DO(mg/lit) contents were found to be in the

ranged between 6.1 mg/lit (Winter, 2011-12, for Can-

tonment Board area) to 7.9 mg/lit (Summer, 2012-13,

for Main street). Whereas, COD (mg/lit) value were also

noticed the highest as 10.4 mg/lit(Rainy, 2012-13, for

Cantonment Board area) and the lowest as 7.2 mg/lit

(Winter, 2011-12, for Raj Mohalla). However, the total

coliform (MPN/100ml) were found 2 to 4 (Sangi Street

and Raj Mohalla area) during rainy seasons only but fae-

cal coliform (MPN/100ml) were found to be nil through-

out the studied season of experimental period.

Analysis of groundwater quality is unavoidable

because its poor quality may badly affect its users

(Prasanna et al., 2010). Various agencies like industrial

ef uents, agricultural runoff, sewage contributes several

kinds of pollutants and nutrients in to the water bod-

ies that brings about a series of changes in the phys-

icochemical characteristics of water, which becomes the

need of several investigations (Mahananda et al., 2010).

Whereas, water quality parameters has been assessed in

Veeranna Cheruvu, Hasnapur, Mahabubnagar District,

Telanagana State. It was found that the water quality

parameters were within the permissible limits of stand-

ards and during the study period it has been noticed that

many water quality parameters were minimum in mon-

soon and maximum in pre monsoon periods (Nagaraju

et al., 2018).

It has been reported that the lowest and highest val-

ues of the borehole and spring water samples such as pH

ranged between 6.34–6.37 and 6.34–7.92, EC between

627.33–621 μmho/cm and 566.33–569 μmho/cm, Total

dissolve solids between 407.67–414.33 and 355.33–

351.67 mg/lit and Total suspended solids between

14.37–14.83 and 13.00–13.08 mg/lit, respectively. Total

hardness (TH), both calcium and magnesium hardness

in terms of calcium carbonate concentration, ranged

between 63.63–66.61 and 32.44–38.76 mg/lit respec-

tively. Whereas, the highest and lowest concentration of

NO2 were ranged between 0.11–0.12 and 0.05–0.06 mg/

lit, NO3 between 1.10–1.89 and 2.83–8.40 mg/lit, SO4 2-

between 26.33–33.00 and 17.00–18.33 mg/lit and PO4

3- between 0.21–0.30 and 0.16–0.22 mg/lit in the bore-

hole and spring water respectively (Shigut et al., 2017).

However, assessment of Water Quality Index (WQI)

of groundwater in Rajkot District, Gujarat were done

and noticed that the pH values ranged between 7.38-

8.27 indicates that samples was changes from neutral

to slightly alkaline. The TDS varied from 309-4858 mg/

lit, chloride concentration ranged from 57-2237 mg/

lit, total hardness ranged from 127 to 1582.40 mg/lit,

Sulphate concentration ranged from 3-120 mg/lit and

nitrate concentration in groundwater samples ranged

514 TAP WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF SOME SELECTED REGIONS OF MHOW TEHSIL, DISTRICT INDORE (M.P.) BIOSCIENCE BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS

Anshu Jain, Amrita Khatri and Anis Siddiqui

FIGURE 1. Physicochemical and bacteriological examination of Tap Water of Sangi Streetduring Rainy, Winter and

Summer seasons (2011-2013).

FIGURE 2. Physicochemical and bacteriological examination of Tap Water of Raj Mohalladuring Rainy, Winter and Sum-

mer seasons (2011-2013)

FIGURE 3. Physicochemical and bacteriological examination of Tap Water of Kali Mata Mandir areaduring Rainy, Winter

and Summer seasons (2011-2013).

FIGURE 4. Physicochemical and bacteriological examination of Tap Water of Cantonment Board areaduring Rainy, Winter

and Summer seasons (2011-2013).

BIOSCIENCE BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS TAP WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF SOME SELECTED REGIONS OF MHOW TEHSIL, DISTRICT INDORE (M.P.) 515

Anshu Jain, Amrita Khatri and Anis Siddiqui

from 1-876 mg/lit (Krishan al., 2016). Results of pre-

sent investigation also in conformities with the  nding

of previous authors in context of studied parameters.

Besides this, results of present work are also supported

by several workers, (Chapolikar, and Ubale 2010; Man-

jappa et al., 2011; Arya al., 2012; Nagarnaik and Patil,

2012; Kumar et al., 2013; Chandne, 2014; Leelavathi

et al., 2016; Prajapati and Rokde, 2016; Behailu et al.,

2017; Soni and Singh, 2018).

According to WHO standard, potable water should

be free of coliform bacteria (WHO, 2008) but the data

from other study proves that the tube wells are com-

monly contaminated with faecal organisms (Luby et al.,

2008; Omezuruike et al., 2008). It was found that out

of the 454 samples, 49% (221/454) samples were con-

taminated with total coliform, ranges from 1.45±4.15

to 10780±33814 MPN/100ml and 14% (65/454) sam-

ples were contaminated with E.coli with concentrations

ranges from 0.09±0.43 to 24.95±104.37 MPN/100ml and;

3% (13/454) of the samples were contaminated with Sal-

monella species, noticed as 0.06±0.41 MPN/100ml dur-

ing analysing the status of groundwater contamination

in Rural Area, Kelantan (Idrus et al., 2014). The total

coliform contents of the samples ranged from zero to

16 MPN of coliform/ 100ml analysed during bacterio-

logical assessment of selected borehole water samples in

Ilorin metropolis (Agbabiaka and Sule, 2010). Whereas,

the total coliform and faecal coliform were noticed in

the range of 03-97 MPN/100 ml and 00-78 MPN/100

ml during microbiological analysis of groundwater of

Khulais Province, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Saleem and

Algamal, 2016).

Signi cant high coliform bacteria were noticed in

borehole water, qualitatively correlate with levels of

possible pollution in the immediate surroundings envi-

ronment in some communities (Anima et al., 2010).

However, more or less similar patterns of total coliform

(MPN/100ml) and faecal coliform (MPN/100ml) reported

in present study are also in conformities with the  nd-

ings of previous authors.

The present investigation can be concluded that there

is a need of continuous monitoring of water quality and

also proper environment management programs should

be run to control drinking water pollution.

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BIOSCIENCE BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS TAP WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF SOME SELECTED REGIONS OF MHOW TEHSIL, DISTRICT INDORE (M.P.) 517