Pharmaceutical

Communication

Biosci. Biotech. Res. Comm. 9(1): 114-120 (2016)

HPTLC pattern assessment of Avicennia marina stem and spectrometric analysis of the separated phyto-constituents

Vinars Dawane, Bhawana Pathak and M. H. Fulekar*

*School of Environmental Science and Sustainable Development, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar

– 382030, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India

ABSTRACT

The scientific evaluation, validation and authentication of medicinal plants are highly essential and key steps to achieve effective phytochemicals and drugs for disease prevention. The checklist of medicinal plants especially man- groves along with their scientific validation is still biased. The traditional methods are poor, time consuming as well as less scientific, so there is a need to used emerging technological knowledge and sophisticated analytical meth- ods to fulfill this knowledge gap. Therefore, present study is an attempt to study the phytochemistry and recognize HPTLC pattern of Avicennia marinastem and spectrum analysis of resolved compounds in three different extracts. As a result, presence of different class of phytochemicals were detected. HPTLC determination densitometry analysis of 10 μl sample size under UV- 258 nm of stem extract – 1 (5 % NH3) showed the presence of 2 components with Rf values ranging from 0.76– 0.90; the stem extract – 2 (methanol alone) revealed the presence of 4 components with Rf values in the range of 0.03 – 0.90; and the stem extract – 3 (5 % HCl) revealed presence of 7 components with Rf val- ues in the range of 0.03 – 0.90. As result, extract – 3 (Slightly acidic) gave maximum number of separated compounds and characteristic fingerprinting pattern and may be useful as a biochemical integrity check marker for this plant as well as to assess the diversity and further characterization of phyto-compounds present in Avicennia marina stem.

KEY WORDS: AVICENNIA MARINA, BIOCHEMICAL MARKERS, EXTRACT, FINGERPRINTING, PHYTOCHEMICALS, HPTLC, STEM

INTRODUCTION

Plants are the chemical factories of nature and enormous sources of organic chemical entities on this planet (Bal- andrin et al., 1985; Marderosian, 1987; Pavinato et al.,

ARTICLE INFORMATION:

*Corresponding Author: Received 10th March, 2016

Accepted after revision 31st March, 2016 BBRC Print ISSN: 0974-6455

Online ISSN: 2321-4007

Thomson Reuters ISI SCI Indexed Journal NAAS Journal Score : 3.48

©A Society of Science and Nature Publication, 2016. All rights reserved.

Online Contents Available at: http//www.bbrc.in/

2008;Udayaprakash et al., 2013). Coastal marine flora, specially mangroves are too an ultimate and rich source of biochemically unique chemicals and have broader degree of valuable phytochemicals (Bandarnayake, 2002; Boopathy and Kathiresan, 2010; Patra and Tha-

114

toi, 2011) useful in ethno medicine and pharmacology (Bandarnayake, 1998; Ravindran et al., 2005; Revathi et al., 2013) and asignificant role in the field of natural product research and drug discovery since ancient times (Kathiresan and Bingham, 2001; Bandarnayake, 2002; Saikia et al., 2013).

Among all true mangrove species of the world, Avi- cennia marina is a valuable mangrove because of its abundant distribution (Duck et al., 1998), availability- and useful medicinal values (Bandarnayake, 1998) of its different parts like leafs, stems, roots, flowers and also as a whole plant formulation, (Ishrak et al., 2003).

The stem of Avicennia marina possess various phar- macological and bioactive activities including anticancer (Prakash et al., 2013), antimalarial (Sundaram, 2010 and Rafat et al., 2012), anti-inflammatory (Vinod and Guru- vayoorappan, 2012), antioxidant (Thatoi et al., 2014), antibacterial (Sharief et al., 2014), antifungal (Marium et al., 2006) and antiviral (Ishrak et al., 2003). These and several other studies have made this mangrove a pre- cious and preferable source of new and already existing phytochemicals for disease prevention.

In the field of herbal treatment standardization of plant materials is the essential requirement of the day (Folashade et al., 2012) and the WHO has also empha- sized the need to ensure the proper authentication and quality assessment of medicinal plants, their prod- ucts, extractsalongwith their formulations (Calixto, 2000; Shrikumer et al., 2006) by applying modern sophisticated techniques for their proper use in medi- cation (Gautam et al., 2010). For this reason HPTLC becomes a routine technique because of its unique- ness, specificity and simplicity for cheap, fast, accu- rate and reliable identification, authentication and fin- gerprinting of herbals now a days, (Reich and Schibli, 2007).

The main objective of this study is to stabilize HPTLC fingerprint pattern for Avicennia marina stem by comparethree different formulations of same metha- nol extracts of the stem.The present study may serve as a basis for medicinal use of Avicennia marina stem and for making strategies related to compounds separation,characterization and isolation from its extracts or formulations.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Avicennia marina was collected in January 2014 from the S.P.Godrej Marine Ecology Centre, Vikhroli, Mum- bai Maharashtra, India (Geographical coordinates 19˚05’50.82˚N–72˚56’24.06 ˚E). The plant materials were identified and authentication certificate issued by the same institute.

Vinars Dawane, Bhawana Pathak and M. H. Fulekar

The stem was shed dried for 15 days and grounded by mechanical grinder into coarse particles. For extract – 1, the 500 mg of stem power was mixed with 10 ml metha- nol along with 5 % NH3. For extract – 2, 500 mg of stem power was mixed with 10 ml methanol. For extract – 3, the 500 mg of stem power was mixed with 10 ml metha- nol along with 5 % HCl.All three extracts were sonicated for 4hours until the extract was clear or colorless. Direct sun light and high temperature was avoided to protect heat sensitive phytochemicals. Extracts were filtered through Whitman No.1 filter.

CAMAG HPTLC system equipped with automatic TLC sampler LIMONATE V, TLC scanner 3, REPROSTAR 3 with 12 bit CCD camera was used for photo documen- tation analysis along with winCATS 4 CAMAG Planer Chromatography software. All the solvents used for HPTLC analysis were of HPLC analytical grade obtained from Merck, India.

Preliminary phytochemical analysis was performed for establishing the phyto-constituents (phenols, alka- loids, terpenoids, steroids, carbohydrates, proteins, amino acids, tannins, saponins, and flavonoids, Gums and Mucilage) present/absence in the extracts accord- ing to the standard methods (Evans, 1998; Khandelwal, 2007).

Optimized HPTLC studies were carried out following the methods of Wagner et al., (1996), Harborne (1998) Reich and Schibli (2007) and Mona et al., (2014).The protocol for preparing sample solutions was optimized for high quality and accurate TLC pattern generation.

HPTLC of three different extracts were performed on 10x10 cm commercial Aluminum – shits precoated with

0.2mm layer of silica gel 60F254(E. Merck Ltd, Darmstadt, Germany)batch number – 1.05554.0007 stored in a des- iccator. Sample extracts were applied as bands 6 mm wide by means of CAMAG Linomat V sample applicator equipped with a 100 μL syringe, programmed through winCATS software. The plate was prewashed with methanol and dried in an oven at 60°C for 5 minutes. The sample loaded plate was kept in TLC Twin Trough Chamber (10x10cm) for 20 min. saturation with the sol- vent vapors with respective mobile phase. The plate was developed in a linear ascending mode upto 90 mm.

The optimized mobile phase Toluene:Chloroform: n – Propanol: Ethanol (4:4:1:1) were used (Reich and Schibli, 2007). After development, the plate was sub- jected for drying by hot air device (drier) and 10 minutes on CAMAG plate heater (110 0C) at room temperature and kept it for documentation in the CAMAG TLC visualizer. The CAMAG TLC visualizer capture the images under 254 nm (UV range), 366nm (Fluorescence) and 540nm (White R).After it, Densitometry evaluations were car- ried out under 258 nm (Deuterium lamp) with the use

RESULTS AND DISSCUTION

Preliminary phytochemical analysis of these extracts showed the presence of major secondary metabolites in their extracts with minor differences. All three extracts showed the absence of steroids and proteins and amino acids. Extract – 1 (NH3) showed the absence of tannins and saponins also. Apart from that all metabolites were present in three extracts. Extract – 3 (HCl) showed high presence of tannins and phenols (Table.1).

Table 1: Preliminary phytochemical bioassay results. + = presence and - = absence.

FIGURE 1: Figure showing the developed TLC plate under UV – 254 nm (1)& - 366 nm (2), under white light after derivatization with ASR (3) and under UV

366 nm after ASR (4).Here, A = extract – 1, the 500 mg of stem power was mixed with 10 ml methanol alongwith 5 % NH3. B = extract – 2, 500 mg of stem power was mixed with 10 ml methanol. C = extract – 3, the 500 mg of stem power was mixed with 10 ml methanol alongwith 5 % HCl.

HPTLC scanning results (under 258 nm)

The HPTLC densitogram under UV – 258 nm of three extracts revealed several peaks which are presented in Fig. 2.

Vinars Dawane, Bhawana Pathak and M. H. Fulekar

Among these 4 detected spots, 2 spots (spot no. 3 and

4)may be principal components of extract – 2 alongwith the very high percentage area of 45.20 and 42.04 respec- tively. Other than these major peaks, the spots at Rf max 0.05 and 0.72 contain very less percentage area of 2.29 and 10.47 respectively.

FIGURE 2: Figure is showing densitogram results of developed TLC plate under UV – 258 nm.

FIGURE 4: Extract. 2 HPTLC chromatogram.

Table 3: Number of detected Peaks, their corresponding Rf values, Height – Area calculation results of Extract

– 2.

FIGURE 3: Extract.1 HPTLC chromatogram.

The densitometry results of extract – 1, under UV – 258 nm revealed 2 spots with Rf max values 0.79 and

0.87(Fig. 3 and Table. 2). Both 2 spots are principal components of extract – 1 alongwith the percentage area of 41.93 and 58.07 respectively.

The densitometry results of extract – 2, under UV – 258 nm revealed the presence 4 spots with Rf max val- ues 0.05, 0.72, 0.79 and 0.86 (Fig. 4 and Table. 3). Two new spots were detected at the Rf max 0.05 and 0.72, which were not present on extract – 1.

Table 2: Number of detected Peaks, their corresponding Rf values, Height – Area calculation results of Extract – 1.

FIGURE 5: Extract – 3 HPTLC chromatogram

The densitometry results of extract – 3, under UV – 258 nm revealed the presence 7 spots with Rf max val- ues 0.09, 0.11, 0.44, 0.51, 0.77, 0.85 and 0.89 (Fig. 5 and Table. 4). Among all 7 detected peaks, 3 spots (spot no. 1,

Vinars Dawane, Bhawana Pathak and M. H. Fulekar

2 and 5) with corresponding Rf max 0.09, 0.11 and 0.77 may be principal components of extract – 3 because they contain comparatively the very high percentage area of 19.97, 31.38 and 21.49 respectively. Other peaks at the Rf max 0.44, 0.51, 0.85 and 0.89 contain very less per- centage area of 3.64, 5.07, 12.23 and 6.22 respectively.

Table 4: Number of detected Peaks, their corresponding Rf values, Height – Area calculation results of Extract – 3.

HPTLC spectra results –

So we can see that the developed chromatograms were specific with selected mobile phase Toluene: Chloro- form: n – Propanol: Ethanol (4:4:1:1), Rf values and can serve as critical tool for analysis and standardization of the phytochemicals/drugs from Avicennia marina stem. Among all three extracts, extract – 1, 2 and 3 revealed the 2, 4 and 7 spots respectively. It means extract – 3 is comparatively good for phytochemicals studies for Avi- cennia marina stem because maximum number of peak separation is achieved under UV – 258 nm (high energy zone). The spectra analysis showed that the two spots RFmax values 0.79 and 0.86 are same components and detected in all three samples. Two spots RFmax values 0.05 and 0.72 are uniquely detected only in sample no. –

2 and among seven detected spots, five spots RFmax val- ues 0.09, 0.11, 0.44, 0.51 and 0.89 are uniquely detected in the sample no. – 3 only.

The spectra analysis and pattern comparisons eluci- dated further conformation about the uniqueness and similarities of the compounds present in these extracts (Table.5 and Figure. 6).

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, this optimized HPTLC method for Avi- cennia marina stem can provide standard fingerprints and can be used as a reference. Among three differ- ent extracts of Avicennia marina stem the extract – 3 is comparatively good for evaluation of phytochemical fingerprinting profile.

This characteristic and optimized HPTLC pattern assessment method for Avicennia marina stem is a fast, cheap, accurate, precise and reliable method for the identification, fingerprinting, authentication, and qual- ity control. It can also provide the basic information useful for the isolation and purification of existing or new bioactive compounds because the unique spectra along with corresponding RF values can provide a basis and better insides for further analysis.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Authors are thankful to S.P. Godrej Marine Ecology Center, Vikhroli, Mumbai for Avicennia marina sample collection and also thankful to ANCHROM HPTLC labs, Mulund, Mumbai for providing HPTLC facilities during this research.

Mr. Vinars Dawane is thankful to UGC, New Delhi for the award of Rajiv Gandhi National Fellowship (letter no. 2012-13/21095) for financial support.

Table 5: Table of spots detected their RF, position, wavelength and comparative presence or absence in samples.

Vinars Dawane, Bhawana Pathak and M. H. Fulekar

FIGURE 6: This figure is showing the spectra patterns of all assigned peaks present in the three different sample extracts of Avicennia marina Stem sample. Their RF and the corresponding wavelengths are also acknowledged.

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