Toxicological
Communication
Biosci. Biotech. Res. Comm. 9(1):
Comparative study of primary productivity in
Yamuna River canal of different parts of
Yamunanagar Haryana, India
Reetu Kamboj1, Nikhil1, Manvinder1, Nishan1, Harpreet Kaur2*, Babita Malik2, and Shivani Sood3
1Department of Biotechnology, Mukand Lal National College,
ABSTRACT
The present study discusses the primary productivity in the middle course of Yamuna River canal in Yamunanagar of Haryana, India by investigating different
142.46mgC
KEY WORDS: PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY, GROSS PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY, NET PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY, COMMUNITY RESPIRATION
ARTICLE INFORMATION:
*Corresponding Author:
Received 30th Jan, 2016
Accepted after revision 15th March, 2016 BBRC Print ISSN:
Online ISSN:
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© A Society of Science and Nature Publication, 2016. All rights94 reserved.
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INTRODUCTION
Haryana, unlike its neighbouring states, have no web of rivers. Ghagger, Saraswati, Markanda, Tangri and Yamuna are the main rivers flowing through the state, out of which Yamuna is perennial (Vats et al., 2011). The most essen- tial and prime necessity for performing life supporting activities is water (Gupta et al., 2013). The most important freshwater resource is rivers on which most of the devel- opmental activities like agriculture, industry, transporta- tion, aquaculture, public water supply, etc. are dependent. Deterioration of the river water quality on large scale is due to huge loads of waste from industries, domestic sew- age and agricultural practices (Khaiwal et al., 2003). The water quality can be indicated and described by its physi- cal, chemical and microbial characteristics (Dhembare et al., 1997). Also it can be used to detect the effects of pol- lution on the water quality (Sujitha et al., 2012). From the Ecological point of view to assess the quality of water, the important prime consideration is the analysis of physi- cochemical water parameters which tells the best usage of water for drinking, bathing, irrigation, fishing, indus- trial processing and other domestic purposes (Shinde and Nagre 2015). Any alteration in the
In aquatic ecosystems, autotrophs (algae, plank- tons, etc.) act as primary producers on which all the life forms depends (Ogbaugu et al., 2011). To sustain a
Reetu Kamboj et al.
level of growth and respiration and to support a biologi- cal population, primary productivity is to be estimated (Bishnoi et al., 2013).The basis of ecosystem function- ing is the biological production of autotrophs which is manipulated by primary productivity of a water body (Mohanty et al., 2014; Odum et al., 1971). There is a main role of primary productivity in providing energy and organic matters to the entire biological community (Ahmed et al., 2005). Light (solar energy) and nutrients are the main limiting factors to primary production in an aquatic ecosystem (Guildford and Hecky 2000; Sim- mons et al., 2004), though distribution of phytoplankton (algae) are also affected by temperature and seasonal variations in light intensity (Vaillancourt et al., 2003). Therefore, present studies have been undertaken to eval- uate the water quality of Yamuna River canal in Yamu- nanagar District at three locations in terms of physico- chemical characteristics. An attempt has also been made to calculate numerical values of primary productivity to compare the water quality of Yamuna River canal at dif- ferent location.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The samples for the present study were collected from the middle course of Yamuna River canal of Yamunanagar district of Haryana, India. Three sampling locations were established along the course of the river at the average distance of 15kms, starting from Dadupur head then at Yamuna Nagar and at last Radaur in March, 2015.
FIGURE 1: Three arrows shows the Yamuna River canal passing through Location 1, 2 and 3
Reetu Kamboj et al.
TOPOGRAPHY
Yamunanagar lies in latitude 30° 5 North and longitude 77° 15’ East. The district is bounded by the Yamuna River canal and across it by the Saharanpur district of Uttar Pradesh in the south east, Karnal district in south, Punjab in the
Table 1: Latitude and Longitude of three selected sampling locations in Yamunanagar District
Primary Productivity (NPP) were calculated by using the values of different parameters analyzed using the fol- lowing formulas given in the Table 2.
Table 2: Formulas for calculating Gross
Primary Productivity (GPP), Community
Respiration (CR) and Net Primary
Productivity (NPP) (Sreenivasan 1964)
RESULTS
The experimental data of
Various
TEMPERATURE
The highest and lowest temperature range of Yamuna River canal water sample as compared to location 2 is of location 3 and location 1 respectively shown in Figure 2.
ESTIMATION OF PH
The highest and lowest pH range of Yamuna River canal water sample as compared to location 2 is of location 1 and location 3 respectively. There is variation in the pH of water sample at different locations when measured at different depth shown in Figure 3.
Table 3:
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FIGURE 2: Variation in Temperature (oC) at three sampling locations
FIGURE 3: Variation in pH at three sampling locations
TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS
The highest and lowest value of TDS of Yamuna River canal water sample compared to location 2 is of location 3and location 1 respectively. There is variation in the TDS of water sample at different locations when meas- ured at different depth shown in Figure 4.
DISSOLVED OXYGEN
The highest and lowest value of DO of Yamuna River canal water sample compared to location 2 is of location 1 and location 3 respectively. There is variation in the DO of water sample at different locations when meas- ured at different depth shown in Figure 5.
GROSS PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY
The highest and lowest value of GPP of Yamuna River canal water sample as compared to location 2 is of loca-
tion 1 and 3 respectively. There is variation in the GPP of water sample at different locations when measured at different depths shown in Figure 6.
COMMUNITY RESPIRATION
The highest and lowest CR range of Yamuna River canal water sample as compared to location 2 is of location 1 and location 3 respectively. There is variation in the CR of water sample at different locations when measured at different depths shown in Figure 7.
NET PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY (NPP)
The lowest value of GPP of Yamuna River canal water sample as compared to location 2 is of location 3.Loca- tion 2 has maximum value of CR. There is variation in the GPP of water sample at different locations when measured at different depths shown in Figure 8.
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FIGURE 4: Variation in Total Dissolved Solids (ppm) at three sampling locations
FIGURE 5: Variation in Dissolved Oxygen (mg/l) at three sampling locations
FIGURE 6: Variation in Gross Primary Productivity (mg C
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FIGURE 7: Variation in Community Respiration (mg C
FIGURE 8: Variation in Net Primary Productivity (mg C
DISCUSSION
The industrial waste and domestic sewage affects the overall condition of the Yamuna canal water which is depicted by decrease in DO, increase in BOD, high ammo- nia, nitrite and low values of water quality indices (WQI) (Bhatnagar et al., 2009). Very low DO and high Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), which were found to be impor- tant parameters for detecting river water quality illus- trated the polluted water of Delhi downstream stretch and better quality of Delhi upstream stretch (Khaiwal et al., 2003) High amount of organic matter under going biological degradation is the reason for the depletion of DO in water
Flow of water in and out of an organism’s cell (osmosis) can be determined by calculating the density Total Dis- solved
Solids which is essential for the maintenance of aquatic life (Shinde and Nadre 2015). Physiological stress to fishes, phytoplankton and zooplankton is due to increased tem- perature, which not only reduced oxygen availability, but also increases oxygen demand (Desai 1995; Sharma and Selvaraj 2000). The high primary productivity promot- ing factor is considered to be alkaline pH (Khaiwal et al., 2003). Low nutrient levels and high turbidity seems to be due to low productivity (Ogbuagu and Ayoade 2011). The decrease of oxygen in the dark bottles helps in deter- mination of respiration rate which is given as their car- bon equivalents (Rajyalakshmi et al., 1975). Water quality of Yamuna is affected by the wastes from the industries, agricultural runoff and the drains carrying municipal sewage of the cities as the industrial belt of Haryana is
Reetu Kamboj et al.
mainly situated along the north- eastern part of the state along the Yamuna. According to the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB, 2000), untreated sewage is respon- sible for 70% of the pollution in rivers which results in low DO and high BOD (Khaiwal et al., 2003). According to the present study, location 2 seems to have the highest Net primary Productivity which is depicted by the low- est value of Community Respiration when observed under alkaline pH (8.02), temperature (16.2°C), TDS (162 ppm) and DO (8.12 mg/l) when compared with the location 1 and 3. Low Net Primary Productivity at Location 1 and 3 may be due to the addition of high amount of industrial wastes. Moreover domestic waste is added in high amount to Yamuna River canal located at location 1 and 3 as these are situated near rural area.
CONCLUSION
According to the
Yamuna Nagar > Dadupur Head > Radaur
The highest primary productivity is found to be at Yamunanagar as compared to Dadupur Head and Radaur. This indicates that planktonic activity is greatest in Yamu- nanagar. This low productivity could be attributed to the observed low nutrient levels because of industrial efflu- ents and high TDS (which exerts influences on photosyn- thetic activities of the autotrophs). Ongoing commercial sand mining in the river must have led to the depletion of nutrient stores, especially in the Benthal regions of the aquatic system. Due to addition of various products in river water the physiochemical characteristics of water changes. Industrial waste water drains are directly con- nected to the river & heavy metal pollution are occurred. The river pollution directly affect on the ecology, varia- tion in the biotic factors. Therefore the present study deals with the water quality of Yamuna River canal and com- parison was done to show the effect of industrial effluents and other anthropogenic activities. From the above results and discussions, we concluded that it is necessary to treat the water of Yamuna River canal and to establish efficient treatment plants by the effluents generating industries for maintaining the important parameters within the permis- sible limit prescribed by world health organization/Indian council of medical Research.
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