The role of place sociability in giving identity to urban

spaces: A case study of Sa r Omid Boulevard of Astara

Islam Karami

* and Arezoo Vafaie

Associate Professor and Faculty Member of Department of Architecture, Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad

University, Ardabil, Iran

PhD Student Department of Architecture, Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran

ABSTRACT

With the introducing of urban spaces as a context for social interactions and livelihood activities of humans, the

statement of the problem of the crisis of identity in contemporary architecture and urban planning as well as socia-

bility as one of the manifestations of quality and stability in the built environment is essential. The identity of urban

spaces as a context to improve human communication and social interactions be studied from the perspective of

sociability and the impact of creating social spaces in giving identity to the urban areas be examined. Therefore,

contextual question of the present research is the supremacy of Sa r Omid Boulevard of Astara as compared to its

similar and adjacent boulevards and spaces in authentication in neighboring urban context. The default of the pre-

sent research is the sociability impact of this place in its authentication in the minds of citizens, which has been car-

ried out with the aim of promoting collective and civil life in the contemporary urban environments and the revival

of the spirit of collective life in public spaces. The identity crisis in urban spaces is the necessity of the research and

attention to the social dimensions of the place in giving identity to urban spaces are the importance of the present

study. The present research method in determining the dimensions and indices of sociability and its role in giving

identity to the studied urban space is based on documentary studies, survey, descriptive and observational that has

been conducted by using descriptive and inferential statistics analysis methods.

KEY WORDS: PLACE SOCIABILITY, PLACE IDENTITY, URBAN SPACE, SAFIR OMID BOULEVARD

276

ARTICLE INFORMATION:

*Corresponding Author: arezoo.vafaie1365@gmail.com

Received 27

Dec, 2016

Accepted after revision 2

March, 2017

BBRC Print ISSN: 0974-6455

Online ISSN: 2321-4007

Thomson Reuters ISI ESC and Crossref Indexed Journal

NAAS Journal Score 2017: 4.31 Cosmos IF : 4.006

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Online Contents Available at: http//www.bbrc.in/

Biosci. Biotech. Res. Comm. Special Issue No 1:276-282 (2017)

Islam Karami and Arezoo Vafaie

BIOSCIENCE BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS THE ROLE OF PLACE SOCIABILITY IN GIVING IDENTITY TO URBAN SPACES 277

INTRODUCTION

Nowadays, giving an identity to urban places has been

interest of urban architectures and designer by de ning

identity as a qualitative characteristic of built-up areas

(Alexander, 1977, Alexander, 1979, Walmsley, 1990), the

relationship of place identity with human personality and

becoming as one of the aspects of the human personal-

ity (Proshansky, 1983 Mesch & Manor, 1998, Abel, 2000,

Lynch,1 960) and its role in belonging and attachment to

the place. With the establishment of the concept of place

identity on three factors of body, activity and meaning

(Punter, 1997, Canter, 1977, Rapaport 1981, Rapaport,

1982), attention of designers and planners to the three

mentioned areas has become more important and an

emphasis on human and social activities in urban areas

and it identi cation taken into consideration (Walzer,

1986; Ra eian and Seyfani, 2009; Gehl, 2004; Carmona et

al., 2012; Sennette,; 1980 Whyte, Marcus & Francis, 1998).

According to John Lang (2002), the interaction is occurred

in public sociability spaces and different groups use the

spaces and are directly available for users and therefore

those are the places where belong to collective identity.

The subject and question of the research is contextual-

ist, consequently; Sa r Omid Boulevard unlike its similar

and adjacent spaces always has speci c identity in the

minds of citizens and is one of the symbols of identity of

the city of Astara in the image. Regardless of the symbols

of the identity of build-up places and the functional and

structural similarity of the boulevard with the same Blvds,

the question of the research is “the cause of the suprem-

acy of Astara Sa r Omid Boulevard in identi cation as

compared to its adjacent and similar spaces and boule-

vards and in its neighboring urban context”. Research

background is “The impact of boulevard sociability in

its identi cation as compared to similar and adjacent

samples”. The purpose of the research is “The improve-

ment of collective and civic life urban environments”. The

enhancement of collective soul and social interactions

in compliance with human objectives of the theoretical

approach of the research, identity crisis in urban areas,

the necessity and the research background in attention

to the social dimensions of the place in identifying the

spaces are the importance of the research as compared

to the similar researches. The research has considered the

impact of the components in identi cation of the case

study through the study of the indexes of sociability and

correlations with the components of place identity.

THE SOCIABILITY CONCEPT OF PLACE AND ITS

SHAPING PRINCIPLES AND COMPONENTS

The use of words like sociability or social loving, show-

ing space qualities in architecture that brings people

together or keep them away. Humphrey Osmond with

Robert Sommer has proved the words in the study of

the role of furniture in sociability of architectural spaces

(Osmond, 1957). Sociable environments are aimed to

encourage collective interactions and unsociable envi-

ronments decrease it (Hall, 1982). The process of sociali-

zation is crucially important by establishing communi-

cation and social interaction between the users of any

reachable architectural public and common spaces and

the ability to participate effectively in interaction with

others both in private life and in public and professional

life of humans (Frgas, 2000).

According to the diagram (1), considering the stud-

ies conducted, sociability dimensions in three areas of

“physical and environmental”, “activity and functional”,

“subjective and semantic” can be investigated. In some

studies, an only physical and environmental aspect of

sociability has been considered. The role of space in the

control of anti-citizenship behaviors (Schulz, 2005), the

impact of physical space as a system in collective inter-

action (Pasalar, 2003), the formation of activity centers

and enthusiasm to work in speci c parts of space with

features such as natural elements, natural landscape and

natural materials (Danshgar Moghaddam et al, 2011).

The existence of physical factors such as furniture

and quality of environmental elements (Ghamari and

Mardomi, 2011), the impact of space in the pleasant and

pluralism (Applyard, 1969), and the impact of concave

and convex forms on contemplation and inspiration

of the sense of place, privacy, sense of belonging and

ownership (Sommer, 1967, Kaplan, 1998, Kaplan, 2002

Sommer, 1974), are the characteristics of the perspec-

tive. Accordingly, (Moleski & lang, 1986) have stated

that physical place supports behaviors and behavioral

events in an ideal situation in three forms in space.

First, physical place provides physical elements and the

required characteristics for continuity and reliability of

individuals’ comfort in environment. Second, the physi-

cal environment is a provider of facilities and spatial

organization that consolidates systems and the particu-

lar patterns of activity in space and pales other activities.

In some studies, activity and function aspect along with

physical aspect are social determinant of sociability of

place. Anticipating and creating social events is ground

for improving sense of place while creating opportuni-

ties to participate in social activities (Lennard,1984),

the de nition of the sociable spaces as a multi-purpose

spaces and supplier of activities and for users’ use and

social harmony of them (Lenard, 1998), the de nition of

collective interactions in spaces’ activities as capability

for the space (Barker, 1968), the de nition of activities

as variable elements of urban spaces and guarantee for

society and the continuer of public and social life (Parsi,

2002) are among the perspectives.

Islam Karami and Arezoo Vafaie

278 THE ROLE OF PLACE SOCIABILITY IN GIVING IDENTITY TO URBAN SPACES BIOSCIENCE BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS

FIGURE 1. Dimensions and components of place sociability.

As an example, Ayatollahi and Mohammadi (2015)

consider the factors affecting the sociability in two aspects

of physical and activity. Physical factor includes dimen-

sions such as location and accessibility, form, geometry,

proportions, variety, and space organization. Activity also

includes the assessment dimensions of functional spaces,

the way the users apply in the space, problems and obsta-

cles in the users’ movements and social characteristics in

acting. Therefore, creating inviting spaces shaped for the

site’s climate and capabilities and taking into account the

cultural characteristics and social and economic fabric

creates active and inactive public participation as well as

strengthening the collective life.From this perspective, the

process of sociability inside the public spaces is based on

four steps: Accepting the space for people to participate,

providing physical and psychological comfort, enjoy-

ing the space and continuing active social presence in it

(Daneshpour and Charkhchian, 2007).

In some studies, along with physical, environmental

activity and functional dimensions, aspects of mental

and semantic of the place has been emphasized. The

in uence of emotion and mentality of people in socia-

bility of place due to the passage of time and repeti-

tion of the place and becoming the common element

linking people (Mansoori and Jahanbakhsh, 2016, 63),

Emotional and impermanent dimensions of the expe-

riences of individuals in the environment as essential

components of interaction between people and the envi-

ronment (Bonaiuto & Bonnes, 2000), the impact of the

quality of social behaviors and interactions in space on

attachment to the space (Poll, 2002), the impact of sense

of place, reminiscent-ness and willingness to reappear-

ance, the role of rituals, legends and traditions to create

a lasting sense of place and a sense of belonging to it

(Fried, 1963), are among the views.

For example, (Montero, 2001) considers the charac-

teristics of general space of sociability in the security

space, coherent structure, continuity, readability, terri-

tory, existence of appropriate facilities, environmental

and educational comfort, complexity and mysterious-

ness, diversity, privacy, attachment, and social interac-

tions (Montero, 2001). From Wheeler’s perspective, place

sociability is caused by people interact with place, mean-

ings and related environmental attributes that a person

is willing to stay in that place and re-referral, and is

achieved by the sense of space of the place (Wheeler,

2004). Noghrekar et al (2014), are considered criteria of

“physical-background”, “psychological and personality

(meaning)” and “behavioral and activity” to investigate

the “sociability in the backyard of Iranian house”. They

have stated sociability indexes of the place in the soci-

ety, social connection, 24-hour availability, diversity

and user mixing, comfort, pleasure, long presence, in

face-to-face, exchange of feelings, experiencing, human

scale, people observation, talking and meeting, popu-

larity, supervision, facilities and services, physical and

visual penetrability, presence of people, protection and

physical framework by enjoying the views of experts.

RESEARCH METHODS

Considering the question and default research, the

research method in this study is based on documentary

and survey, descriptive and observational methods. In

the documentary studies by reviewing the sense of place,

its identity and sociability it has been tried to extract

appropriate theoretical framework. In this way, in the

 eld of explaining analytical approach,  rst the concept

of the sociability of the space and its relationship with

the place’s identity are considered. Therefore, it has been

Islam Karami and Arezoo Vafaie

BIOSCIENCE BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS THE ROLE OF PLACE SOCIABILITY IN GIVING IDENTITY TO URBAN SPACES 279

evaluated in the sample case according to the psycho-

logical studies of the environment, the dimensions of

sociability have been described and  nally by extracting

indexes of sociability, the survey, observational, and the

use of statistical analysis. In this study, spatial charac-

teristic of the place with identity has been considered as

independent variables and sociability rate of the place

was examined as dependent variable.

Confounding variables of age, gender and other fac-

tors were moderated during  eld studies and in the dis-

tribution of questionnaires through sampling and control

method. It has been tried to consider all groups in the

study by using targeted systematic cluster sampling to

maximize reality coef cient and validity of the research

as well as control of confounding variables to choose the

statistical population appropriately and the target group

according to age, occupational, social, gender, duration of

residence groups, etc. For this purpose, 200 questionnaires

with 20 questions were designed to provide total research

aims. Therefore, 16 questions of the questionnaire were

questioned (measures) in the form of three functional and

activity components (Socio-economic elements), envi-

ronmental (natural causes and context of the place) and

semantic (social ties, attachment and sense of place) as

the sociable components of the Likert scale. In connection

with performance and activity indexes as well as factors

such as attachment, satisfaction, comfort, accessibility,

diversity of activities and the daily needs were assessed.

CASE STUDY

18 metric Sa r Omid boulevard is located in the east-

ern range of Astara which leads to telluric customs of

Astara port and Caspian sea coast from north and east

side, respectively; also waterfront is located at southern

site and Astara beach bazar, public parking, low-den-

sity residential texture and Farabi avenue are located at

western side of this Boulevard. Caspian sea and Astara

beach bazar are located at East side and west side of

this avenue. Footbridge is located in Sa r Omid avenue

in which passers pass on it from Astara beach bazar to

beach. Networks accessing to this Boulevard include

12 metric Farabi avenue; axis accessing to city center

is 12 metric Farabi avenue and also axes accessing to

Astara beach bazar and beach are 6 metrics Parian alley

at northern site and 12 metric Sahel avenue. Table (2)

shows speci cation of mentioned axis.

RESEARCH FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS

In this chapter, all the data gathered are analyzed. Anal-

yses are presented in two parts, descriptive statistics and

inferential statistic. In  rst part of descriptive statistics,

a general description of research variables is presented

and initially in second part of statistical inference, dis-

tribution of variable scores are studied. According to

conducted studies, results of  eld study are presented in

accordance with diagram (2) in order to prove research

hypothesis.

Preliminary data collected from questioner, are

assorted and analyzed and also their descriptive and

inferential statistics were analyzed using AHP, CHOICE

and EXPERT applications. In the part of data analysis,

two basic actions were taken, correlation analysis and

regression analysis. General description of respondent’s

characteristics containing frequency distribution of

FIGURE 2. Results of  eld study in order to prove research hypothesis.

280 THE ROLE OF PLACE SOCIABILITY IN GIVING IDENTITY TO URBAN SPACES BIOSCIENCE BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS

Islam Karami and Arezoo Vafaie

respondents were conducted in terms of sex, age, edu-

cation, etc. In the next stage, Likert scale 5 point was

used for any question and a number was allocated for

any range of division in SPSS. For presenting descrip-

tive  ndings according to frequency distribution of

respondents in terms of sex, percentage of men and

women were 50% and 45%, respectively. According to

frequency distribution of respondents in terms of age,

0.7% of respondents with minimal frequency distribu-

tion are 50 years old or so and 40% of respondents with

maximal frequency distribution are between 40 and 50

years; frequency distribution of respondents in terms of

education as follows: 7.5% of respondents with mini-

mal frequency distribution have diploma or less and

also 55% of respondents with maximal frequency dis-

tribution have bachelor degree and  nally, according to

frequency distribution of respondents in terms of work

experience, 10% of respondents with minimal frequency

distribution have 15 years or so and this value for maxi-

mal frequency distribution along with work experience

between 6 and 10 years is 52.5%. Inferential  ndings

(analysis of hypotheses) based on results of multivari-

ate regression analysis among levels of place sociabil-

ity and identity creation among the urban environments

and also given that signi cance level of test error is 0.01

for con dence level of 0.99, we see that the correlation

coef cient between the two variables of place identity

has signi cant and positive impact on urban environ-

ments and this value equal 0.55.

Therefore, we can say that  rst hypothesis is proved.

Correlation coef cient between two variables of place

sociability has signi cant and positive impact on urban

environments and this value equals 0.79. So, second

hypothesis is acceptable. Natural elements and Local

bed has signi cant and positive impact on urban envi-

ronments and correlation coef cient between this two

variables is 0.58. Correlation coef cient between two

variables of socio-economic elements for identity crea-

tion of urban environments is 0.93. Therefore, it can be

said that the third hypothesis is approved. Correlation

coef cient between to variables of social ties for identity

creation of urban environments is 0.95 and has signi -

cant and positive impact and thus, fourth hypothesis is

approved. Correlation coef cient between to variables of

place attachment has signi cant and positive impact for

identity creation of urban environments and this value

equals 0.95 and  nally the  fth hypothesis is approved.

In order to determine the effects of each variables

of place identity, natural elements, place context, social

ties and place attachment as predictor variable and

identity creation of urban environments as criterion

variable, these variables are analyzed using multivariate

regression analysis with Enter method; results have been

showed that variables of place identity (BETA=0.79),

natural elements and place context (BETA=0.58), socio-

economic elements (BETA=0.93), social attachment

(BETA=0.95) and place attachment (BETA=0.95) is pre-

dicting variable and identity creation of urban environ-

ments. Although, variable of place attachment with beta

value of 0.95 and variable of natural elements and place

context with beta value of 0.58 have the most and least

value of the dependent variable of identity creation for

urban environments. After study and analysis of data,

values of relative abundance, absolute frequency, and

bar chart, the impact amount of each component in tri-

ple indicators for socialization of urban environments

were analyzed and assorted. Socialization variables of

urban environments and their impact on identity crea-

Table 2. Speci cation of case of study (Sa r Omid Boulevard)

Location of Sa r Omid Boulevard

of Astara

Neighborhood of Sa r Omid Boulevard

of Astara

Northern site of axisSouthern site of axisEasten site of axisWestern site of axis

BIOSCIENCE BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS THE ROLE OF PLACE SOCIABILITY IN GIVING IDENTITY TO URBAN SPACES 281

Islam Karami and Arezoo Vafaie

tion of Boulevard was studied in 3 general category of

environmental and physical, activity and functional,

mental and semantics. Based on  gure (2) we can see

that indexes of physical and activity, mental and seman-

tics and environmental and physical have 40%, 35% and

25% of greatest impact in Socialization of this urban

areas, respectively.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

Question of the present research is the supremacy of

Sa r Omid Boulevard of Astara as compared to its

similar and adjacent boulevards and spaces in authen-

tication in Astara urban context and hypothesis of this

research is socialization of this boulevard as compared

to its similar and adjacent boulevards in Astara urban

context. Current study showed that not only environ-

mental, functional and Semantic components are impor-

tant in identity creation of urban environments, but also

have direct connection with mentioned components. In

relation to environmental components and their role in

urban environments socialization of case study, it can

be said that natural landscape, place context and exist-

ing perspectives in site and accessibility have an impor-

tant role in socialization and identity creation for these

spaces.

In relation to functional components, ful llment of

social needs, socio-economic interactions, safety and

24-hour availability of urban environments and also

diversity and user mixing in urban environments lead

to socialization. In relation to semantics components,

several factors such as social ties, comfort and pleasant,

sense of con dence due to the presence in space lead to

long presence and have an important role in socializa-

tion of urban environments and from this it would have

an effect in identity creation of urban environments. Not

only  eld study results accept research hypothesis and

effect of socialization components for identity creation

of space of study, but also it showed that considering the

social factors in urban environments is essential in terms

of introduction of social quality as qualitative indexes of

space and stability and also in terms of research goal

for achieving collective and civic life in urban environ-

ments. According to the conducted studies for ful lling

purpose of this study, following items are presented as

a guideline in terms of identity creation for urban envi-

ronments and community role in place socialization of

urban space:

• A need for beauti cation of urban environments

through natural landscapes, utilization of natural

elements and creating perspectives

• Anthropocentrism in urban environments and

appropriate access to urban environments

• Attention to Sociability of outdoor furniture and

utilization of spatial scales to creating environ-

ments for cognition and social interactions

• A need for security and safety in urban environ-

ments

• Attention to peace and comfort in urban environ-

ments

• Environments creation for presence and leisure

while paying attention to age and sex groups at

most of the day

• Attention to needs of different population groups

to improve presence

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