Review of the factors affecting nurses entrepreneurship

in selected hospitals of Golestan province

Motahhareh Alamshahi

, Jamalledin Alvaani

* and Abbas Ghavam

Department of Healthcare Management, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht Iran

Department of Psychology, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht, Iran

Assistant Professor, Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Sciences and High Technology and

Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran

ABSTRACT

Considering the importance and the role of entrepreneurship in the health sector and acceptance of entrepreneurship

as a development approach in most countries, the need to examine the factors affecting the entrepreneurship of nurses

is felt more than ever. This applied research was conducted in cluster sampling in four public hospitals in Golestan

province and in the form of 275 questionnaires in 2016. The standard questionnaire consisting of 44 questions was

developed based on the  ve-item Likert scale. The questionnaire’s construct validity was con rmed by con rmatory

factor analysis and its reliability by Cronbach’s alpha. SPSS software was used to analyze the data. Results showed

that the mean and the coef cient of each components of risk-taking, internal locus of control, need to be successful,

clearness of thought, activism, challenging,  exibility, individual approach and bonus item is respectively 4.33 and

0.88, 5.52 and 0.87, 5.85 and 0.83, 5.59 and 0.88, 4.52 and 0.93, 4.52 and 0.76, 3.65 and 0.78, 4.02 and 0.80, 7.00

and 0.85. There is also a signi cant relationship between any of the components and the nurses’ entrepreneurship

(p< 0.01).This study showed that the factors of risk-taking, internal locus of control, need to be successful, clearness

of thought, activism, challenging,  exibility, individual approach and bonus item affect the nurses’ entrepreneurship.

Therefore, with proper planning, the policy makers in the health sector and administrators of public hospitals in Iran

can lead nurses to become entrepreneurs.

KEY WORDS: ENTREPRENEURSHIP, NURSES, HOSPITALS

146

ARTICLE INFORMATION:

*Corresponding Author: dr.alvani@yahoo.com

Received 2

Jan, 2017

Accepted after revision 3

April, 2017

BBRC Print ISSN: 0974-6455

Online ISSN: 2321-4007

Thomson Reuters ISI ESC and Crossref Indexed Journal

NAAS Journal Score 2017: 4.31 Cosmos IF : 4.006

reserved.

Online Contents Available at: http//www.bbrc.in/

Biosci. Biotech. Res. Comm. Special Issue No 1:146-152 (2017)

Alamshahi, Alvaani and Ghavam

INTRODUCTION

Entrepreneurship is a phenomenon that occurs in differ-

ent environments and leads to economic growth through

innovations that people have created in response to eco-

nomic opportunities and have created these values for

both individuals and their society (A. & Ghazi, 2013).

Entrepreneurship is an important and inexhaustible

source in all human societies (Cristian-Aurelian & Pet-

ronela Cristina, 2012) Entrepreneurship is a complex,

multi-layered and full-side concept that has an inter-

disciplinary nature and creates several areas in the com-

munity affected by itself (Sergey & William S, 2009).

The gap between resources and facilities on the one

hand and inclusive and diverse needs of human society

on the other hand require the human involvement and

role-playing. In the meantime, there have been people

who did not comply with the general rules of communi-

ties so some changes have been created (Remeikiene &

Dumciuviene, 2013). The entrepreneurs are the cause of

making the dynamics and productivity and increase the

value of work and raise the spirit of trying in the com-

munity (Naebi, 2011). Entrepreneurial Studies show that

the entrepreneurs have special properties (S. G., 2010).

As a result, in the past few years, the researchers from

all disciplines have found a fondness for entrepreneur-

ship (Tajeddini, 2010). Using the training and develop-

ment practices, it can be improved the entrepreneurial

behaviors, even to the extent that they are applicable

to a wide range of job opportunities (Peris Bonet, Rueda

Armengot, & Martín, 2011).

Coordination at higher levels of entrepreneurial ori-

entations and market orientations improves the business

performance and entrepreneurship in the developing

countries (Boso, Story, & Cadogan, 2013).

Like other entrepreneurs, the entrepreneur nurse

known as the business owner offers the nursing ser-

vices with the nature of direct care, education, research,

administrative and consulting services. Such nurses may

do an independent clinical work, be the owner of a busi-

ness, such as nursing home care or pharmaceutical com-

pany or run a consulting business, such as education or

research. The nurse entrepreneurs are the innovators that

have the primary motivations for change, moderniza-

tion of health systems and leadership display. The main

characteristics of an entrepreneur are the use of crea-

tivity to develop a new idea, improvement of services

or the methods of service delivery, development of new

products or new ways of using the existing products. By

combining these features with the advanced or special-

ized knowledge and skill, it can be said the entrepreneur

nurses are the advanced nurses who produce the prod-

ucts or services and can sell them to foreign sources.

Separation of a job in which you are employed, selection

of entrepreneurial path followed by the risk of entre-

preneurship, tolerance of ambiguity and facing a vari-

ety of obstacles and dif culties need strong incentives.

A meta-analysis of 41 articles showed that the entre-

preneurial motivations are positively and signi cantly

associated with the entrepreneurial approaches selection

and people who have high entrepreneurial incentives are

more willing to become entrepreneurs (Jahani & Fallahi,

2014).

Karsoroud also states that the entrepreneurial incen-

tives not only affect the desire to entrepreneurship, but

also have an impact on the entrepreneurial behaviors

(Carsrud & Brännback, 2011). Perceived entrepreneurial

incentives refer to the beliefs of individuals about the

attractiveness of an idea for choosing an entrepreneur-

ial career path and the level of attractiveness may be

associated with the economic bene ts derived from the

entrepreneurial activities, the possibility of achieving

independence and achieving the speci c goals (Soles-

vik, 2013). Studies show that the need for  exible work

schedule, ability to follow ideas and having more earn-

ings are the reasons for the tendency of staff in the

health professions to entrepreneurship (Jahani & Fallahi,

2014).

Eddie expressed that the creation of consent for use

of personal style and creative  air to carry out a task

or produce a product, free from the constraints of large

organizations, is considered as an important motivation

(Eddy & Stellefson, 2009). For the formation of a suc-

cessful entrepreneurial activity, in addition to proper

identi cation of opportunities, a level of updated knowl-

edge and information as a capital are required (Rabiei &

Sarabi, 2014).

So far, much research has been done on the entre-

preneurship but in the  eld of nurses’ entrepreneur-

ship in hospitals of Golestan province, no research has

taken place. The aim of this study was to investigate the

factors in uencing the nurses’ entrepreneurship in the

selected hospitals of Golestan province. In this context,

the effective components in the nurses’ entrepreneurship

have been examined from 9 dimensions including locus

of control, need to be successful, individual approach,

 exibility, challenging, clearness of thought, bonus

item, activism and risk-taking.

METHOD

This applied research was conducted in a cross-sectional

method in 2016 in Golestan. The study population con-

sisted of nurses in selected hospitals in Golestan prov-

ince that the sample size of 275 nurses were selected

in cluster sampling for 10-20 times for SEM sample in

four hospitals located in four points of Golestan prov-

BIOSCIENCE BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS REVIEW OF THE FACTORS AFFECTING NURSES ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN SELECTED HOSPITALS 147

Alamshahi, Alvaani and Ghavam

Table 3. Descriptive statistics of factors affecting nurses’ entrepreneurship

Component Sign Number Mean SD Mean Standard

deviation

Locus of Control LC 275 3.4309 .86324 .05104

Need to be

successful

NS 275 3.5125 .72722 .04300

Individual approach IA 275 3.2056 .67805 .04009

 exibility F 275 3.0932 .71944 .04254

Challenging C 275 3.2622 .80939 .04786

clearness of thought CT 275 3.4808 .69495 .04109

Bonus item BI 275 3.7587 .61088 .03612

Activism A 275 3.1830 .64973 .03842

Risk-taking R 275 3.1935 .85467 .05054

ince. Data collection was done by the questionnaire.

The questionnaire were developed based on the scale of

 ve options in 9 dimensions of risk-taking (contains 9

questions), internal locus of control (12 questions), need

to be successful (7 questions), clearness of thought (4

questions), activism (3 questions), challenging (4 ques-

tions),  exibility (3 questions), individual approach (5

questions), bonus item (3 questions). After developing

the questionnaire, its validity was con rmed through

the library studies, internet, obtaining the required

information from specialized literature, as well as by

collecting the professors, faculty members and experts’

opinions.

The questionnaire’s reliability was evaluated among

the 30 members of the sample. Cronbach’s alpha values

is over 0.7 (risk-taking 0.88, locus of control 0.91, need

to succeed 0.89, clearness of thought 0.90, activism 0.91,

challenging 0.89,  exibility 0.90, Individual approach

0.91 and bonus item 0.88) which shows high reliabil-

ity of the study tool. In addition, an acceptable validity

for the questionnaire was created by interviewing with

about  ve respondents about the possible ambiguities

and applying their judgment in the  nal questionnaire.

Then, the structural model, was con rmed by the con-

 rmatory factor analysis test. To rank the factors affect-

ing nurses, Friedman test was used. Single-sample t-test

was used to test the hypothesis.

FINDINGS

In this study, we evaluated 275 questionnaires that

were completed correctly and completely. Among the

respondents to the questionnaire, 66% were female and

34% were male. In terms of work experience, 30% were

less than 10 years old, 48% between 11-20 years old and

22% between 21-30 years old. In terms of education, 80

percent had a bachelor, 15 percent a master, 0.05 percent

a master and above and in terms of age, 16 percent were

under 30 years old, 54 percent between 31- 40 years old,

30% between 41-50 years old.

The results of Friedman test are shown in Table 5.

Due to the signi cant level, it is indicted that the vari-

ables of control locus, need to be successful, individual

approach,  exibility, challenging, clearness of thought,

bonus item, activism, risk-taking have different ranks.

According to Table 2, the component of bonus item with

an average rating of 00.7 is in the  rst rank, need to be

successful with an average rating of 5.85 is in the sec-

ond rank, clearness of thought with an average rating of

5.59 is in the third rank, locus of control with an aver-

age rating of 5.52 is in the fourth rank, challenging and

activism component with an average rating of 4.52 in

the  fth rank, risk-taking with an average rating of 4.33

in the sixth rank, individual approach with an average

rating of 4.02 in the seventh rank and  exibility with an

average rating of 3.65 in the eighth rank.

Table 1. Friedman test result

Number 275

Chi-square 352,791

Freedom degree 8

The signi cance level 0,000

Table 2. Ranks of each factor

Avg.

Locus of Control 5.52

Need to be successful 5.85

Individual approach 4.02

 exibility 3.65

Challenging 4.52

clearness of thought 5.59

Bonus item 7.00

activism 4.52

Risk-taking 4.33

148 REVIEW OF THE FACTORS AFFECTING NURSES ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN SELECTED HOSPITALS BIOSCIENCE BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS

Alamshahi, Alvaani and Ghavam

The results related to descriptive statistics of indi-

vidual factors are shown in Table 9. Mean and standard

deviation of comments for the control locus component

are respectively 3.43 and 0.86, for the need to be suc-

cessful component respectively 3.51 and 0.72, for indi-

vidual approach component respectively 3.20 and 0.67,

for  exibility component respectively 3.09 and 0.71, for

challenging component respectively 3.26 and 0.80, for

intellectual clearness component respectively 3.48 and

0.69, for bonus item component respectively 3.75 and

0.61, for activism component respectively 3.18 and 0.64

and for balanced risk-taking component respectively

3.19 and 0.58.

Results of t test is given in Table 4. According to the

signi cant level of (p <0/05) and positive values of upper

and lower limit, the status of each component of the locus

of control, need to be successful, individual approach,

 exibility, challenging, clearness of thought, bonus item,

activism and balanced risk-taking is desirable.

In table 5, the correlation between the variables in the

less than one percent shows a signi cant relationship.

DISCUSSION

One of the main objectives of this study was to determine

the relationship between the component of a balanced

risk-taking and nurses’ entrepreneurship. The results

showed that there is a signi cant relationship between the

balanced risk-taking component and entrepreneurship (r=

0.88). The results obtained by Mohammadi et al (Moham-

madi, Talkhabi Alishah, & Lashkari, 2015) showed there

is a signi cant positive correlation between risk-taking

and entrepreneurship that are consistent with the results

of this study. People who have a spirit of risk-taking and

accept this fact that they themselves are responsible for

the result of their actions will make more efforts to become

entrepreneurs. In this regard, providing some programs

to invite successful entrepreneurs to present their experi-

ences in order to familiarize nurses with the positive and

negative realities in the  eld of entrepreneurship will be

useful and valuable.

Other objective of this study was to determine the

relationship between the locus of control component

and nurses’ entrepreneurship. The results showed that

there is a signi cant relationship between the compo-

nent of the locus of control and entrepreneurship (r=

0.87). In line with this study, the results of Arab and

Aligoli Firouzjai (Arab & Aligoli Firouzjai, 2015) showed

that the internal locus of control has a signi cant posi-

tive impact on the students’ entrepreneurial intentions

that are consistent with our results.

Another aim of this study was to determine the rela-

tionship between the component of need to be success-

ful and nurses’ entrepreneurship. The results showed

that there is a signi cant relationship between the com-

ponent of need to be successful and entrepreneurship

(r= 0.83). The results of this hypothesis are consistent

with the results obtained by Ahmadi et al (Ahmadi, Sha-

fei, & Mafakheri Nia, 2013). The results of their studies

which are consistent with the results of the present study

showed that the individual factors have a signi cant

relationship with the entrepreneurial characteristics, so

that a sense of achievement and the need to succeed is

more in the male students and those who have good

academic standing.

Other objective of this study was to determine the

relationship between the component of clearness of

thought and nurses’ entrepreneurship. The results

showed that there is a signi cant relationship between

Table 4. t test for factors affecting nurses’ entrepreneurship

Study level = 3

Component T Degree

freedom

The

signi cance

level

The mean

differences

Approximately con dence

interval 95%

Lower limit Upper limit

Locus of Control 8.442 274 .000 .43094 .3305 .5314

Need to be

successful

11.918 274 .000 .51249 .4278 .5971

Individual approach 5.128 274 .000 .20559 .1267 .2845

 exibility 2.192 274 .000 .09324 .0095 .1770

Challenging 5.479 274 .000 .26224 .1680 .3564

clearness of thought 11.699 274 .000 .48077 .3999 .5617

Bonus item 21.005 274 .000 .75874 .6876 .8298

Activism 4.763 274 .000 .18298 .1074 .2586

Risk-taking 3.828 274 .000 .19347 .0940 .2929

BIOSCIENCE BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS REVIEW OF THE FACTORS AFFECTING NURSES ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN SELECTED HOSPITALS 149

Alamshahi, Alvaani and Ghavam

Table 5. matrix of correlation between variables

Locus of control Need to be

successful

Individual

approach

 exibility Challenging clearness

of thought

Bonus

item

Activism Risk-

taking

Locus of control

Correlation

coef cient

Signi cance

level

Number 275

Need to be

successful

Correlation

coef cient

.755** 1

Signi cance

level

.000

Number 275 275

Individual

approach

Correlation

coef cient

.470** .476** 1

Signi cance

level

.000 .000

Number 275 275 275

 exibility

Correlation

coef cient

.500** .498** .551** 1

Signi cance

level

.000 .000 .000

Number 275 275 275 275

Challenging

Correlation

coef cient

.652** .519** .590** .406** 1

Signi cance

level

.000 .000 .000 .000

Number 275 275 275 275 275

Clearness of

thought

Correlation

coef cient

.639** .643** .630** .469** .667** 1

Signi cance

level

.000 .000 .000 .000 .000

Number 275 275 275 275 275 275

Bonus item

Correlation

coef cient

.566** .637** .518** .514** .469** .587** 1

Signi cance

level

.000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000

Number 275 275 275 275 275 275 275

Activism

Correlation

coef cient

.602** .525** .641** .627** .502** .582** .608** 1

Signi cance

level

.000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000

Number 275 275 275 275 275 275 275 275

Risk-taking

Correlation

coef cient

.739** .621** .633** .533** .630** .562** .533** .704** 1

Signi cance

level

.000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000

Number 275 275 275 275 275 275 275 275 275

**. Correlation is signi cant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

150 REVIEW OF THE FACTORS AFFECTING NURSES ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN SELECTED HOSPITALS BIOSCIENCE BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS

Alamshahi, Alvaani and Ghavam

the component of clearness of thought and entrepreneur-

ship (r=0.88). In line with this study, Nemati (Nemati,

2014) discussed the students’ entrepreneurial personal-

ity traits in Tehran state universities. The results showed

that there is a signi cant difference among all students

studied in various academic disciplines about having the

clearness of thought. These results are consistent with

the results of this study.

Other objective of this study was to determine the

relationship between the activism component and

nurses’ entrepreneurship. The results showed that there

is a signi cant relationship between the activism com-

ponent and entrepreneurship (r=0.93). In line with this

research, the results of Akbari Pourang and et al’s stud-

ies (Akbari Bourang, pour, & Ayati, 2015) showed that

there is a signi cant relationship between the entre-

preneurial orientation and organizational performance

that are consistent with the present studies and do not

match the results of Parsa and Graily Sheikh (Parsa

& Grayli Sheikh, 2012). Their results showed that the

entrepreneurship characteristics are more relevant to the

rationalist practices than performance ones. Of course,

it was expected that the entrepreneurial characteristics

are more relevant to the performance practices. But the

result of their study showed that people’s entrepreneurial

characteristic is more impressed by the rationalist prac-

tice. Perhaps the result can be analyzed in a way that

people with high entrepreneurial characteristics, regard-

less of all circumstances and rational decisions, do not

invest in a  eld.

Other objective of this study was to determine the

relationship between the challenging component and

nurses’ entrepreneurship. The results showed that there

is a signi cant relationship between the challenging

component and entrepreneurship (r=0.76). The results

and  ndings of Nemati (Nemati, 2014) that are incon-

sistent with the results of this study showed that the

challenging component was evaluated in the weak stu-

dents. In fact, challenging index covers some cases of

need to succeed and since the entrepreneurship is chal-

lenged, it seeks to achieve the unattainable areas and is

interested in areas in which the capabilities of entrepre-

neurs are challenged. So the entrepreneur will enter the

new tasks and will manipulate them and after a while,

will dominate the work.

Other purpose of this study was to determine the rela-

tionship between the  exibility component and nurses’

entrepreneurship. The results showed that there is a sig-

ni cant relationship between the  exibility component

and entrepreneurship (0.78). The results obtained by

Abbasi et al (Abbasi, Babashahi, Afkhami Ardekani, &

Farahani, 2014) showed that a there is a signi cant rela-

tionship between the  exibility of human resources and

organizational entrepreneurship. In order to achieve the

functional  exibility, it is recommended the organiza-

tions to provide the utilization background of different

job design techniques, such as job rotation, job devel-

opment and job enrichment. Moreover, employing the

empowerment strategies, human resource development

and team-building help the behavioral  exibility of

human resources.

Other objective of this study was to determine the

relationship between the individual approach component

and nurses’ entrepreneurship. The results showed that

there is a signi cant relationship between the individual

approach component and Entrepreneurship (0.80). The

results of this hypothesis are consistent with the studies

of Mohseni et al (Mohseni, Mousavi, & Jamali, 2014)

who expressed the entrepreneurship education has a sig-

ni cant positive impact on the entrepreneurial attitude

and general self-ef cacy beliefs of students.

Through the entrepreneurship educations, the val-

ues are formed on entrepreneurship and strengthen it

and subsequently, they will also gain the beliefs about

entrepreneurship and in this way, their entrepreneurial

attitude will be strengthened. Therefore, we can say that

through the entrepreneurship education, it can be in u-

enced the self-ef cacy beliefs and entrepreneurial atti-

tudes and simultaneously with the development of self-

ef cacy belief, entrepreneurial and general self-ef cacy

beliefs, the entrepreneurial attitude will be strengthen

in people.

Another aim of this study was to determine the rela-

tionship between bonus item component and nurses’

entrepreneurship. The results showed that there is a

signi cant relationship between the bonus item com-

ponent and entrepreneurship (r = 0.85). In this study,

bonus item component has the highest average. In the

studies of Banzing and et al (Benzing, Chu, & Kara, 2009),

it was found that in low-income countries, income and

bonus are an important incentive for the entrepreneurs

and earn money and bonus have been one of the main

incentives for entrepreneurship. These results are con-

sistent with the results of this study. Therefore, all men-

tioned components are considered as the incentives for

nurses to become entrepreneurs and they can be encour-

aged in order to become entrepreneurs through meeting

the  nancial needs and rewarding them.

Be sure the bonus system and its structure is seriously

considered and investigated. Accordingly, a committee

should be composed of experts from many different dis-

ciplines and for the purpose of valuation and alloca-

tion of bonuses, the ideas are collected and valued by

Entrepreneurship Committee. The ideas will be scored in

accordance with the standard provided and according

to the scale of their in uence on the organization as

well as the organization’s policy priorities and the bonus

is allocated to them at the same amount. In this way,

BIOSCIENCE BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS REVIEW OF THE FACTORS AFFECTING NURSES ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN SELECTED HOSPITALS 151

Alamshahi, Alvaani and Ghavam

in addition to the allocation of a reasonable bonus, the

ideas are organized and also implemented.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We appreciate the efforts of all staff, especially the

nurses in selected hospitals in Golestan who sincerely

participated in completing the questionnaire.

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