Biotechnological

Communication

Biosci. Biotech. Res. Comm. 10(4): 783-789 (2017)

Antagonistic activity of ZrO

against typhoid fever

causing

Salmonella typhi

, isolated from retail poultry

shops in and around Tirupur District

A. Chithira, M.I. Farheena and A. Mohankumar

Division of Microbial Technology, PG and Research Department of Zoology, Chikkanna Government Arts

College, Tirupur, Tamilnadu, India

ABSTRACT

Recurrently typhoid fever, caused by Salmonella typhi, remains a signi cant cause of mortality and morbidity in

many regions of the world. So predominant pathogen S.typhi is one of the major causes of food and water borne

gastroenteritis in human and remains an important health problem. So fecal samples were collected from the poultry

retail shop in tirupur city. Totally 50 multidrug resistant Salmonella spp were isolated from 75 fecal samples and

con rmed by using routine laboratory techniques. Later, the antimicrobial pattern of this isolates were studied by

using 11 antibiotic discs which include Amikacin (10mcg), Co-trimoxazole (25mcg), Cipro oxacin (30mcg), Tetra-

cycline (30mcg), Cephalothin (30mcg), Ceftriaxone (30mcg), Entro oxacin (10mcg), Gentamicin (10mcg), Ampicillin

(10mcg), Trimethoprim (10mcg), Cefoxitin (30mcg). Among these strains (12%), (62%), (28%), (80%), (12%), (4%),

(6%), (26%), (36%), (100%), and (8%) were found to be exhibit a signi cance degree of resistance to different groups

of antibiotics. Further, plasmid pro le were performed for the  ve multidrug resistance isolates and observed the

molecular weight was 1500bp and 700bp respectively. Recurrently, the metal oxide nanoparticles are currently the

most promising tools applied as antimicrobial agents for diagnosis of diseases. Nanoparticle Zirconium oxide was

used to against Salmonella spp. Different concentration of Zirconium oxide 50μl, 100μl and 150μl were used against

Salmonella spp. Among the three concentration of nanoparticle, maximum zone of inhibition 16mm was observed

against the isolate CH36 at 150μl concentration of nanoparticle. Minimum zone of inhibition 13mm was observed

against the isolate CH37. So hence the present study Zirconium oxide was used and it shows prominent antibacterial

activity against typhoid causing organism.

KEY WORDS: TYPHOID FEVER,

SALMONELLA TYPHI

, ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE, PLASMID PROFILE AND ZRO

783

ARTICLE INFORMATION:

*Corresponding Author: nanochithira@gmail.com

Received 21

Oct, 2017

Accepted after revision 29

Dec, 2017

BBRC Print ISSN: 0974-6455

Online ISSN: 2321-4007 CODEN: USA BBRCBA

Thomson Reuters ISI ESC and Crossref Indexed Journal

NAAS Journal Score 2017: 4.31 Cosmos IF: 4.006

reserved.

Online Contents Available at:

http//www.bbrc.in/

DOI: 10.21786/bbrc/10.4/25

784 ANTAGONISTIC ACTIVITY OF ZRO

AGAINST TYPHOID FEVER CAUSING SALMONELLA TYPHI BIOSCIENCE BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS

A. Chithira et al.

INTRODUCTION

Typhoid fever is a major health problem in develop-

ing countries, for thousands of years, thriving in con-

ditions of poor sanitation, crowding and social chaos,

contaminated water, milk, food or fruits vegetables or

via convalescent or chronic carrier (Harish Menezes,

2011). Typhoid fever is the most serious form of enteric

fever and in 2000 it was estimated that the global num-

ber of typhoid causes exceeded 21,00,000 with more

than 2,00,000 death. Globally, up to 27 million infec-

tions occur per year, with over 2x10

attributable deaths

annually, predominantly among children under the age

of  ve years (Clark et al., 2010). The predominant Sal-

monella species are Gram-negative rod shaped bacteria

that are members of the family Entero bacteriaceae and

are considered threatened food borne pathogens facing

food safety and public health. Salmonella is a serious

threat facing poultry industries as it has the ability to

infect chickens causing diarrhoea. In the last few years,

consumption of contaminated poultry, eggs, and their

products become the most common sources of foodborne

human salmonellosis (Mahmoud et al., 2015; Park et al.,

2015; Hsu et al., 2016). Arena et al., 2017; Pashazadeh

et al., 2017 and Kalupahana et al., 2017).

A variety of food products, especially poultry and

other types of meat products, are the most important

sources of human Salmonella spp. infection, but water

borne outbreaks have also occurred birds are mainly

infected through feed, drinking water or environmental

sources. The organisms route of infection is the faecal –

oral route via food or water contaminated with faeces

or urine of previously infected persons or animals. Most

environmental concerns over land application of ani-

mal manure have focussed on either the effect of applied

nutrients, especially N and b.

Although poultry production is considered as sec-

ondary agricultural production systems and it has an

important role in high quality protein. Poultry provide

globally important sources of animal protein and are

amongst the most intensively reared of all livestock

species several microbial diseases have been affecting

the poultry and it is a major concern, both locally and

international levels. The low productivity is mainly due

to high mortality, which is caused particularly by bacte-

rial disease and the mortality has been estimated in the

range of 80-90% (Debnam and Jackson, 2005).

Food borne diseases are main problems, particularly

in developing countries and cause the majority of ill-

nesses and death around the world. Food is the most

important vehicle that transmits the microorganisms to

human (Varnam, 1991) among microorganisms Salmo-

nella still a major cause of food – borne human disease

in most parts of the world (Soultose et al., 2003 and

Carraminana et al., 2004).

Poultry and poultry products

are frequently contaminated with Salmonella that can

be transmitted to humans through the handling of raw

poultry carcasses and products, or through consump-

tion of undercooked poultry meat (Kimura et al., 2004).

Young chick, mortality up to 100%, week chicks, loss of

appetite, diarrhoea, and adult birds: no sings depression,

diarrhoea, and drop in egg production, low mortality.

The poultry farms bird  u has become a lethal condi-

tion that is occurring around the world more frequently

(Julie et al., 2004).

The sub therapeutic use of antibiotics in poultry has

become a popular practice and these is a growing body

of scienti c evidence to the effect that the increasing

incidence of antibiotic resistant bacteria is closely asso-

ciated with the heavy use of these antibiotics in poultry

and other related agricultural practices. Despite the great

progress in antimicrobial development, many infectious

diseases, especially intracellular infections, remain dif -

cult to treat. One major reason is that many antimicrobi-

als are dif cult to transport to cell membranes and have

low activity inside the cell, there by imposing negligi-

ble inhibitory or bactericidal effects on the intracellular

bacteria (Zhang et al., 2010).

In 2013 many techniques were used by several

researchers to Salmonella spp. but these techniques

could not completely cure Salmonella spp. Pathogenic

bacteria still remain a major health concern, which are

responsible for causing a large number of deaths and

hospitalizations each year. Although we have current

treatments such as antibiotics, bacteria are gaining

resistance to these therapeutics at an alarming rate. That

is why new therapeutic and diagnostic treatments are

necessary if we want to be prepared against known and

unknown pathogenic bacterial infections. A large group

of these studies includes the implementation of nano-

technologies and nanomaterials to create new antibac-

terial nano-medicines that increased effectiveness and

ef ciency.

Moreover, nanotechnology is through to be technol-

ogy of the future with several opportunities for applica-

tions one of the most important nanotechnology appli-

cations areas that hold the expectations of providing

create bene ts for humanity in the future is medicine

(Neuberger et al., 2005). Therefore, it is important to

 nd another ef cient treatment for Salmonella infection

instead of antibiotic. In the last few years, there has been

a growing interest in nanotechnology. Indeed, nano-

particles have been gaining importance in recent years

and became an effective revolution therapy against

pathogenic bacteria due to their bactericidal properties.

The nanoparticles size and surface area are signi cant

agents to which their bactericidal mechanism of action

attributed to several pathogens (Devi et al., 2017).

BIOSCIENCE BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS ANTAGONISTIC ACTIVITY OF ZRO

AGAINST TYPHOID FEVER CAUSING SALMONELLA TYPHI 785

A. Chithira et al.

ZrO

nanoparticles with antimicrobial activity when

embedded and coated and the surface can  nd immense

applications in water treatment, synthetic textiles, bio-

medical and surgical device, food processing and pack-

aging. Moreover, the composites prepare using ZrO

and

polymers can  nd better utilization due to the enhanced

antimicrobial activity.The multi drug resistant patho-

gens due to antigenic shift are ineffectively managed

with current medications. This resistance to medication

by pathogens has become a serious problem in public

health and therefore mandating the need to develop

new bactericides and virucides. Zirconium oxide nano-

particle (ZrO

), having a long history of general use as

an antiseptic and disinfectant, are able to interact with

disulphide bonds of the glycoprotein / protein contents

of microorganisms, viruses, bacteria, fungi. The ZrO

nanoparticle change the three dimensional structure

of proteins by interfering with S- bonds and block the

functional operation of the microorganisms. ZrO

nano-

particles with antimicrobial activity when embedded and

coated and the surface can  nd immense applications in

water treatment, synthetic textiles, biomedical and sur-

gical device, food processing and packaging. Moreover,

the composites prepare using ZrO

and polymers can

 nd better utilization due to the enhanced antimicrobial

activity.

Recently the antibiotics such as tetracycline, amika-

cin, co-trimoxazole cipro oxacin, cephalothin, ceftri-

axone, entro oxacin, gentamicin, ampicillin, trimetho-

prim, cefoxitin are used for the poultry bacterial disease.

One of the earliest nanomedicine applications particu-

larly, an antimicrobial agent from ZrO

nanoparticle

for the treatment of various microbial diseases is being

emerged. However, studies related the ZrO

nanoparticle

against S.typhi is too limited. Hence, the present study

has been made an attempt to point out the bioactive

medical properties of metal oxide nanoparticle (ZrO

)

against Salmonella typhi isolated from retail poultry

shop in and around Tirupur District.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Sterile spatulas were used to collect samples of freshly

passed poultry droppings in sterile universal sampling

bottles. 75 samples were collected from different poul-

try retail shop in Tirupur city. The droppings were col-

lected from litter at random points and transported to

the laboratory where they were analyzed within one

hour from the time of collection. Pre-isolation enrich-

ment of the faecal samples were carried out by inoculat-

ing each sample directly in to tryptone soy broth (TSB)

and incubated at 35

C for 18-24 hrs. Immediately after

enrichment, the organisms were serially diluted from

-1

to 10

-9

and the dilutions 10

-4

to 10

-6

were plated on

to Xylose lysine decorboxylase media (XLD) agar it was

inoculated at 35

C for 24 hours onto XLD agar plate for

the isolation of strains of Salmonella spp. respectively.

The individual colonies with different morphology were

picked using sterile tooth pick and grown in Tryptone

soy broth and it was incubated at 37

C for 24 hours.

Further it was plated to check for purity.

The isolated bacteria were primarily identi ed on the

basis of the Gram staining, IMViC, Citrate Utilization,

Triple sugar Iron agar, Nitrate reduction, Motility, Cata-

lase, Oxidative. All Salmonella typhi. Strains used in this

study were grown in TSB broth at 37

C for 24 hours. The

following antibiotic discs: Amikacin, Co-trimoxazole,

Cipro oxacin, Tetracycline, Cephalothin, Ceftriaxone,

Entro oxacin, Gentamicin, Ampicillin, Trimethoprim,

Cefoxitin were used for antibiotic sensitivity assay.

Selected colonies were inoculated into nutrient broth

then incubated at 37

C for 12 hrs. These cultures were

used for further experiment.In this present study anti-

biotic susceptibility of Salmonella typhi was performed

using Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method (1979). Plasmid

were isolated from Salmonella typhi using the method of

alkaline lysis (Niels, 1994) and the presence of plasmid

was checked by 0.7% agarose gel was with visualized

under UV light on transilluminator and photographed.

Size of the plasmids was determined with the help of the

standard molecular marker.

The antibacterial activity of the ZrO

nanoparticles was

performed by using well diffusion method. About 20 ml

of sterile molten Mueller Hinton agar was poured into

the sterile petriplates. Triplicate plates were swabbed with

the overnight culture (10

cells /ml) of pathogenic bacte-

ria Salmonella spp. Different concentration of nanopar-

ticles (50μl, 100μl, 150μl) was prepared with DMSO. The

different concentrations of nanoparticles were screened

against  fty isolates of Salmonella spp. The isolates were

selected on the basis of Salmonella spp. should above

50% antibacterial activity against the antibiotics tested:

Amikacin, Co-trimoxazole, Cipro oxacin, Tetracycline,

Cephalothin, Ceftriaxone, Entro oxacin, Gentamicin,

Ampicillin, Trimethoprim, Cefoxitin. The solid medium

was gently punctured with the help of cork borer to make

a well. Finally the nanoparticle samples with the concen-

tration: 50μl, 100μl, 150μl were added from the stock into

each well and incubated for 24h at 37±2

C. After 24 hrs

of incubation, the zone of inhibition was measured and

expressed as millimetre in diameter.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Totally 75 samples were collected from different poultry

retail shops in Tirupur city. 50 isolates of Salmonella

typhi were isolated from the samples. The Salmonella

typhi strains were con rmed by comparing the results

A. Chithira et al.

786 ANTAGONISTIC ACTIVITY OF ZRO

AGAINST TYPHOID FEVER CAUSING SALMONELLA TYPHI BIOSCIENCE BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS

with standard biochemical test of Salmonella typhi such

as gram negative in rod shape as result of gram staining.

Indole negative, MR-VP- positive, Voges Proskauer –

negative, Citrate positive, positive results were observed

in case of Catalase, Nitrate reduction, Motility, Tri-

ple sugar iron agar, Oxidase. Selective media like XLD

(Plate: 1) and Mac-Conkey agar media were used to iso-

late the Salmonella typhi. It showed black centre colony

and white colony respectively. These colonies were iso-

lated and stored for further experiment.

Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns were determined

by using commercial antimicrobial disc (HIMEDIA,

Mumbai): Amikacin (10mcg), Cotrimoxazole (25mcg),

Cipro oxacin (10mcg), Tetracycline (30mcg), Cepha-

lothin (30mcg), Ceftriaxone (30mcg), Entro oxacin

(10mcg), Gentamicin (10mcg), Ampicillin (10mcg), Tri-

methoprim (10mcg), and Cefoxitin (30mcg). Antimicro-

bial susceptibility testing was performed in accordance

with the standard guidelines of Kirby – Bauer (1979) disc

diffusion method.

Totally 11 antibiotic discs were used for this assay,

among that strain CH12 showed maximum resistance

of 72.72% and the antibiogram AK- TET- COT- CTR-

CEP- GEN- AMP-TR was recorded. Strain CH32 showed

minimum resistance of 9.09% and the antibiogram TR

was recorded (Plate: 2). The isolates were analyzed for

antibiogram as described to determine the antibiotic

susceptibility pattern along with the tendency of current

resistance against widely used drugs. Among 50 iso-

lates, 30 different antibiogram were found in this study

and the resistance was found against Amikacin (12%),

Cotrimoxazole (62%), Cipro oxacin (28%), Tetracycline

(80%), Cephalothin (12%), Ceftriaxone (4%), Entro oxa-

cin (6%), Gentamicin (26%), Ampicillin (36%), Trimeth-

oprim (100%), and Cefoxitin (8%) (Table: 1).

Five strains CH12, CH22, CH23, CH36 and CH37

showed more than 50% percentage frequency among the

 fty isolates of Salmonella typhi.

MAR index for isolates = No. of antibiotics to which isolate is resistant

No. of antibiotics × No. of isolates

MAR index for isolates = No. of antibiotics resistant to the isolates

No. of antibiotics × No. of isolates

PLATE 1. Isolated colonies of

Salmonella typhi

PLATE 2. Antibiotic susceptibility test of Salmonella

typhi

Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) index was cal-

culated according to the formula

Maximum MAR index 0.7272 was showed by CH12

and minimum MAR index 0.0909 was showed by CH32.

Strains which showed more than 50% resistance was

taken for isolation of plasmid, by the following method

of Niels (1994), two fragments were obtained from the

strains: CH12, CH22, CH23, CH36, and CH37, but all

the strains were plasmid born Salmonella spp. 100bp

DNA ladder (MEDOX, Chennai), was used to know the

A. Chithira et al.

BIOSCIENCE BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS ANTAGONISTIC ACTIVITY OF ZRO

AGAINST TYPHOID FEVER CAUSING SALMONELLA TYPHI 787

molecular weight of the strain, it showed 1500 bp and

700 bp (Plate:3). The medical application of nanopar-

ticles is gaining popularity with an increasing number

of nanoparticle based therapeutics currently in clinical

development. We expect that with the introduction of

safer nanomaterials together with novel engineering

approaches that result in optimally designed nanoparti-

cles, enter the clinic in future.

Different concentration of nanoparticle Zirconium

oxide 50μl, 100μl, and 150μl were prepared with Dime-

thyl sulphoxide (DMSO), well diffusion method was used;

Different concentration of nanoparticle were impreg-

nated into well on the seeded Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA)

media. The plates were incubated at 37

C for 24hrs. Zone

of inhibition was recorded (Plate 4). The strains CH12,

CH22, CH23, CH36 and CH37 which showed more than

50% resistant against 11 antibiotics were used to test

against Zirconium oxide Nanoparticle. Salmonella spp.

Among the three concentrations of nanoparticles

tested against  ve strains, maximum zone of inhibition

(16mm) was observed against CH36 at 150μl, followed

by 15mm against CH23 at 150μl. The minimum zone

(13mm) was recorded in the strain CH37. Although in

many areas of endemic city in Asia and the Indian sub-

continent typhoid outbreaks in Sub-Sharan Africa are

rarely documented, and data on incidence and antimi-

crobial susceptibility patterns are scarce. The observed

rise in MDR S.typhi in Kenya is particularly alarming.

For example during the period of their study, most of the

S.typhi isolates from blood culture of patients prior to

1993 were fully sensitive to all antimicrobials (Bhay et al.

2005). But in the present study the strain CH12 showed

maximum resistance 72.72% against all the antibiotics

tested. Salmonella typhi recorded 100% resistance to tet-

racycline, 66.7% resistance to gentamicin and ampicillin

respectively. These antibiotics are very common and are

readily available as over the counter drugs to consumers

in Nigeria (Funso Omojaasola and Folakemi Omojaasola,

2001). 80% of resistance showed by tetracycline, 26%

resistance to gentamicin, and ampicillin showed 36% of

resistance in the present study.

The resistance pattern of 101 strains of S.typhi to

11 drugs was determined by using the plate dilution

method. All 101 strains tested were inhibited by Cepha-

lothin; Gentamicin, (Olarte and Galindo, 1973), similar

method was followed in the present investigation, 50

strains of S.typhi isolated were inhibited by Cephalothin

(12%) and Gentamicin (26%).A total of 323 S.typhi iso-

lates from three hospitals covering the Nairobi region of

Kenya, 54 (16.7%) isolates were fully susceptible to all

eight antibiotics tested, (Kariuki et al. 2010), 50 strains of

S.typhi isolated from retail poultry shop in around Tiru-

pur, in all isolates (2%) was fully susceptible to all eleven

antibiotics tested. Further the authors were reported that

Table 1. Antibiotic Resistant Percentage

of Salmonella typhi

S: No Antibiotics

Percentage of

resistant

1 Amikacin 12%

2 Ceftriaxone 4%

3 Cipro oxacin 28%

4 Cephalothin 12%

5 Entro oxacin 6%

6 Gentamicin 26%

7 Ampicillin 36%

8 Cefoxitin 8%

9 Tetracycline 80%

10 Trimethoprim 100%

11 Co trimoxazole 62%

PLATE 3. Isolation of plasmid from Salmonella

typhi

PLATE 4. Activity of Zro

Nanoparticle

against of Salmonella typhi

A. Chithira et al.

788 ANTAGONISTIC ACTIVITY OF ZRO

AGAINST TYPHOID FEVER CAUSING SALMONELLA TYPHI BIOSCIENCE BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS

a total of 74 (22.9%) isolates were resistant to ampicillin

or tetracycline, similar results was recorded in the study

but total of  fty isolates showed 36% and 80% resistant

to Ampicillin and tetracycline respectively.

One hundred and thirty two (132) bacteria were iso-

lated from 1000 cow dung samples, among that 18 iso-

lates of Salmonella typhi were cultured. 100% resistance

to tetracycline by all the isolates, ampicillin showed

85.6% resistance (Omojowo and omojasola, 2013), in

the present research work 75 faecal samples of retail

poultry shop, were collected among them, 50 isolates of

Salmonella typhi were isolates, ampicillin showed 36%

resistance against all tested antibiotics and tetracycline

showed 80% resistance.Six strains of Salmonella typhi

were resistant to ampicillin, trimethoprim, tetracycline

and gentamicin, these strains were isolated from the

blood with typhoid patients. These strains showed mul-

tiple antibiotics resistance (MDR) and all the six strains

were harbored plasmid about 50 kb (Pai et al. 2003).

Similar results was obtained,  fty strains of Salmo-

nella typhi were showed resistant to all tested antibiot-

ics expect trimethoprim and all strains showed multiple

antibiotic resistant. These strains were harboured plas-

mid about 1500 bp and 700 bp.

Hirose et al. (2001) focused the antibiotics suscep-

tibilities of 62 strains of S.enterica serovar typhi of

S.enterica serovar paratyphi were investigated with 18

antibiotics. Eighteen S.enterica serovar typhi isolates and

 ve S.enterica serovar paratyphi A isolates were resist-

ant to one or more antimicrobial agents among which

10 S.enterica serovar typhi isolates were susceptibility

against cipro oxacin. But our  ndings showed the iso-

lates Salmonella typhi were showed antibiotics suscep-

tibility against all tested antibiotics except trimethoprim,

and these strains were resistant to one or more antibiotics.

Sisak et al. (2006) isolated 126 Salmonella spp from

pigs were tested against 14 antibiotics. They found

that the isolates showed resistance 1-8 antibiotics,

S.typhimurium strains were found to the most resist-

ant to streptomycin (91.5%), sulphonamides (88.1%),

ampicillin (86.4%), and chloramphenicol (83.0%), in the

present study, eleven antibiotics were tested against the

isolates, among that ampicillin showed lesser percentage

of inhibition while compare with work done by Sisak

et al. (2006), but it showed 36% resistance only. Ashok

et al. (2010) reported that they collected data for 2007

and 2008, ampicillin showed 18.2% and 52.8% of resist-

ance against Salmonella typhi, there as tetracycline

showed resistance of 9% and 33.4%, none of the anti-

biotics resistance against cipro oxacin and ceftriaxone

antibiotics, there uses controversy while compare the

results with present study, tetracycline showed second

highest resistance (80%), cipro oxacin 28%, ceftriaxone

4% showed resistance.

The antibacterial potential of metal oxide nanoparti-

cles viz, Al

O, Fe

O4, CeO

, ZrO

and MgO against poul-

try pathogens: Klebsiella spp., E.coli, Staphylococcus spp.

and Salmonella spp. The ZrO

showed maximum antibac-

terial activity against Salmonella spp. followed by E.coli

respectively. The author reported in their study that, the

ZrO

nanoparticles could be used as effective antibacterial

agent against poultry pathogens. In the present investiga-

tion, ZrO

was used as a nanoparticles against the Sal-

monella spp isolates which is isolated from retail poultry

shop. Totally  ve isolates CH12, CH22, CH23, CH36, and

CH37 of Salmonella typhi were tested against different

ZrO

concentration (50μl, 100μl, and 150μl), as the zone of

inhibition were rapidly increased from 50μl - 150μl con-

centration of nanoparticles. Among  ve isolates tested,

CH36 showed maximum zone of inhibition (16mm).

Mrithunjai singh et al. (2008) found that the nanopar-

ticles increase chemical activity due to crystallographic

surface structure with their large surface to volume

ratio. They used silver ions and silver based compounds

including silver nanoparticles, there has promoted

research and this effect was size and dose dependent and

was more pronounced against Gram – negative bacteria

than Gram – positive organisms, in the present investi-

gation, ZrO

was used as a nanoparticles, this showed

maximum activity, the activity was dependent on dose.

CONCLUSION

Development of resistance to antibiotics by bacteria is

inevitable, not only because of their rates in mutation

and transferability of drug resistant genes. This con-

stitutes a signi cant public health risk due to possible

cross-contamination with antibiotic resistant bacteria of

food and drinking water meant for public consumption,

which always culminates in human illnesses, mostly

typhoid fever. The growing incidence of multi-drug

resistant Salmonella typhi has become a global phenom-

enon and antibiotic resistant bacteria are increasingly

isolated from a wide array of sources, in the clinical

environments, poultry. There is some scienti c evidence

of the growing rate of recovery of antibiotic resistant

S. typhi from poultry products. So It is concluded from

the present study that species of Salmonella typhi iso-

lated from retail poultry shop in around Tirupur Dt. The

rapid emergence of drug resistant strains of microbial

Salmonella typhi pathogen especially those with multi

drug resistance characteristics and the organism link

with a plasmid. Due to the development of drug resistant

urgently need new therapeutic among drug to combat

the infectious disease. So in this study the biomedical

properties of metal oxide nanoparticles was used in dif-

ferent concentration to treat against multidrug resistant

Salmonella typhi.

A. Chithira et al.

BIOSCIENCE BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS ANTAGONISTIC ACTIVITY OF ZRO

AGAINST TYPHOID FEVER CAUSING SALMONELLA TYPHI 789

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