Gholam Hossain Ramezani et al.
Dental anxiety and fear are the most frequent reasons
preventing patients from dental visits, and are usually a
byproduct of local anesthesia injections. Hence, pain and
anxiety control during local anesthetic injections is of
signi cant clinical importance, (Ungor et al., 2014, Bon-
jar 2011 Berggren and Meynert 1984). Topical anesthet-
ics numb the injection surface and provide pain relief on
needle insertion, although there are other factors which
should be controlled (such as the clinician’s expertise
and amount, type, and dose of the injected medicine) for
a complete pain control. Although this method reduces
the pain during needle insertion, total elimination of
injection pain relies on causes like the amount, type,
and injection speed of anesthesia plus the experience
of clinician. In addition, local anesthetics have narrow
potential to enter deep into tissue. These might reduce
the discomfort during insertion of needle through the
surface however, they are not as effective when needle
passes through deeper layers, (Singh and Roberts 1994,
Meechan et al., 1998 Ungor et al 2014).
Hence, methods such as Wand and TENS are intro-
duced to solve this. TENS triggers large-diameter nerves
that are more sensitive to electrical stimuli than do
smaller-diameter nerves. The result is closure of central
gating mechanism to signals coming through nerves
with smaller diameters. The same mechanism of gate
control works for the vibration, which has impulses that
are transmitted very fast (75 meters per second) through
myelinated, thick, A-beta nerves. On the other hand,
sense of pain travels at a 2 meters per second speed
through unmyelinated and thin C bers, ( Ungor et al.,
2014, Nanitsos et al., 2009, Hall and Guyton 2015).
Simultaneous transmission of vibration signals
through thick A-beta bers versus pain signals through
C bers will make the sensory area of the brain release
inhibitory neurotransmitters these and inhibit the acti-
vation of projection neurons within dorsal horn of spi-
nal cord, leading to gate closure over pain stimuli. This
is the reason vibration is used to reduce pain during
many painful medical and dental procedures (Reed 2001,
Ungor et al., 2014). Another factor that contributes to
perception of pain is psychological status of person, par-
ticularly his or her fear or anxiety of pain. Dental fear
can prolong and intensify the pain (Peretz et al 2004).
Our results are similar to those of Ungor et al. (2014)
and Nanitsos et al. (2009) although in the latter study,
source of vibration was extra-oral, which might decrease
the ef cacy of expected gate control mechanism because
of pain and vibrated sites being distant. Another study
done by Saijo et al. (1995) examined injection pain
together with vibration of the site using VibraJect. They
could not nd signi cant differences between control
and treatment groups. Difference could be due to differ-
ent devices and methods.
CONCLUSION
This study has found DentalVibe as a useful and effec-
tive device in reducing pain while injecting local anes-
thesia.
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730 EFFECT OF VIBRATION ON PAIN DURING INJECTION OF LOCAL ANESTHESIA BIOSCIENCE BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS