Environmental

Communication

Biosci. Biotech. Res. Comm. 11(2): 251-255 (2018)

Inventorization of electronic waste management,

engaging with consumption: A Survey in Bhopal

Somi Khan*

and Savita Vyas

Research Scholar School of Energy & Environment Management, Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya,

Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462033 India

Associate Professor School of Energy & Environment Management, Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya,

Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, 462033 India

ABSTRACT

The existing practices of electronic waste in India suffer manyproblems like the dif culty in inventorization, legisla-

tion, poor awareness of electronic waste management and unhealthy conditions of informal recycling. The study was

focused on inventories of e-waste in Bhopal city which is in the capital of the state and generates a database for the

future plan and provide statistical data affecting the generation of E-Waste in Bhopal as well as prepare an inventory

of electronic waste. This can help to prepare an action plan for Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment which can

be formulated and give a quantitative and qualitative analysis of WEEE generation in Bhopal City. The main objective

of the study inventorization of seven electronic sub-sectors like refrigerators, mobile phones, television computers,

air conditioners, washing machines and waste batteries in Bhopal city of the state. The present practices of electronic

and electrical waste of management having many drawbacks like unhealthy conditions of informal recycling, the

dif culty in inventorization, poor awareness inadequate legislation, these are the critical issues, during the site visit

interviews total 120 questionnaires were collected, 50 questionnaires business entities and 70 from household and

collect 432MT e-waste during the survey.

KEY WORDS: E-WASTE, RECYCLE, INVENTORIZATION, REUSE, DISPOSAL

251

ARTICLE INFORMATION:

*Corresponding Author: somikhan363@gmail.com

Received 3

April, 2018

Accepted after revision 19

June, 2018

BBRC Print ISSN: 0974-6455

Online ISSN: 2321-4007 CODEN: USA BBRCBA

Thomson Reuters ISI ESC / Clarivate Analytics USA and

Crossref Indexed Journal

NAAS Journal Score 2018: 4.31 SJIF 2017: 4.196

Online Contents Available at: http//www.bbrc.in/

DOI: 10.21786/bbrc/11.1/9

252 INVENTORIZATION OF ELECTRONIC WASTE MANAGEMENT, ENGAGING WITH CONSUMPTION BIOSCIENCE BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS

Somi Khan and Savita Vyas

INTRODUCTION

Electronic waste management becomes burning issue

all over the world, because growth in demand and con-

sumption of electronic goods had led huge amount of

waste and this waste become a new type of waste called

electronic waste. So there is dire need to adopt sustain-

able practices so that we can handle a waste, (Schwarzer

2005). Electronic Waste, as the name represent, com-

prises of electronic and electrical equipment such as

computers, cell phones and other electrical devices

which are destined for recycling or disposal, (Robinson

2009). The amount of electronic dump generated glob-

ally has been estimated to reach about 72 billion tons

annually by 2017, (Bisschop 2014).

E-waste informal processing sitescan be located near

agricultural  elds and other cropland where heavymet-

als and other contaminate can penetrate into the soil

where food isgrown, (Song and Li 2014). Human expo-

sure to halogenated  ame retardants (HFR) overdermal

adsorption by skin wipe. Dermal absorption would be

animportant exposure route for HFR. Liu et al. (2017).

Developing countries leading the pack in accepting

electronic waste since thedeveloped world today include

China, India, Pakistan, and Nigeria, (Garlapati 2016).

The electrical and electronic equipment’s are largely

classi ed into three parts as:- comprising of household

usages like air conditioners, refrigerators and dishwashers,

washing machines are ‘white goods,’ computers, printers,

fax machines, scanners, etc are’; ‘grey goods,’ compris-

ing of TVs, camcorders, cameras are ‘brown goods, Sinha

(2007). PCBs, dioxins, and heavy metals in their essential

forms, Lead, Nickel, Cadmium and Lithium are found in

used batteries, abundant the ones being massproducedin

electric vehicles. Organophosphate  ame retardants and

plasticizers in urine example of the people living in an

e-wastedismantling site (Lin et al., (2017).

Despitethe risk of many developing countries do not

have proper regulationsand policies in place to protect

the local people and environment. Example, in Nige-

ria exquisite metals are removed from circuit boardsby

using acid, and then dumping them onto the ground or

into streams, (Kiddee et al., 2013).

The University of the Negev researchers used cath-

oderay tube exhibit the  nancial incentive system. The-

proper recycling facilities would offer a higher price for

the CRTs thatcould be earned thru the informal recyclers

manually dismantling them.This would provide motiva-

tion for the informal recyclers totake the collected CRTs

to the formal sector to go through recycling.These mate-

rial incentives encourage a relationship between thein-

formal and formal sectors, (Davis and Garb, 2015).

‘Meeting the needs of the present generations with-

out compromising the capacity of upcoming generations

to meet their own needs by Hester et al., (2012). Faster

obsolescence and subsequent up-gradation of electron-

ics product, are forcing consumers to discard old prod-

ucts, which in turn accumulate huge e-waste to the solid

waste stream, (Bhat and Patil, 2014).

Informal recycling practices: preferably, all electronic

waste should be recycledinformal recycling facilities.

However, because of the formal electronic wastefacili-

ties are costly to operate construct as well as, especially

in lessdeveloped countries, informal recycling sites are

prevalent. Theinformal e-waste sector consists of sites

that excerpt the valuable parts of the electronics and

electrical equipment using crude recycling and disposal

methods usuallywithout any kind of shelter equipment

such as goggles or gloves or theassistance of technology,

(An et al. 2015).

Technological innovations and intense marketing

engender a rapid replacement process, the Basel Con-

vention, which is reduction of Tran’s boundary move-

ments of hazardous and other wastes including the

minimization and prevention of their generation, the

environmentally sound management of such wastes and

transfer as well as use of technologies. Sthiannopkaoand

Wong (2013).

A Draft Strategic Plan has been proposed for the

implementation of the Basel Convention, The Draft Stra-

tegic Plan takes into account existing regional plans,

strategies or programs, the decisions of the Conference

of the Parties and its subsidiary bodies, ongoing pro-

ject activities and process of international environmen-

tal governance and sustainable development and also

calls the management and effective involvement by

all concerned stakeholders essential for the aims of the

Basel Declaration within the approach. Of interrelated

and equally support strategies are proposed to support

the concrete implementation of the activities as indi-

cated1989 in the website( http://www.basel.int/).

MATERIAL AND METHODS

SITE SELECTION

The study of electronic waste was conducted in Bhopal

cities which is one of the biggest city, located in Madhya

Pradesh. The electronic waste generators and business

entities, household, institutions are the consumers of the

electronic and electrical equipment’s they were targeted

in this study the survey location is based on the socio-

economic status of the area as well as population den-

sity of Bhopal.The population of Bhopal metropolitan

area that extends beyond Bhopal city was 1,886,100. The

total effective literacy rate was 85.24%, with male and

female literacy respectively at 89.2% and 80.1%accord-

ing to Census in 2011 next will be held on 2021.

BIOSCIENCE BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS INVENTORIZATION OF ELECTRONIC WASTE MANAGEMENT, ENGAGING WITH CONSUMPTION 253

Somi Khan and Savita Vyas

STUDIES AND DATA COLLECTION

Field data were collected through the questionnaire-

based survey; paper studies of their of cial sites give

a better result than mail survey. The study was targeted

following categories of electronic and electrical equip-

ment such as televisions, mobile phones, personal com-

puters air conditioners, refrigerators, washing machines

for quanti cations and estimations of e-waste produced,

we collecteddata from the government of ce, household

private sectors second-hand shops.

EMAILING QUESTIONNAIRE

E-mail is the most useful method for collecting data a

standardized e-mail was attached to the questionnaire so

that it would attract the recipient to read the email and

participate in answering the questionnaire.

the land lling, which produces toxic element, like cad-

mium lead mercury into the atmosphere ground and soil

releases negative impact.

TELEVISION SETS

The average weight of the television is 36.2 kg, dur-

ing the survey,  nd that total around 8952 televisions

were used, since last 5 years the generation of electronic

waste is approximate 2173 kg so the yearly generation

1644 kg/year.

FIGURE 1. Map of Bhopal city

FIGURE 2. Average Weight Of the

Equipment

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

COMPUTERS

A Computer is an electronic device which contains many

toxic components such as mercury PCBs, CRT chromium,

and cadmium. A Monitor having 6% lead which is dan-

gerous for our health as well as affects our environment

generally, electrical and electronic equipment is sent to

FIGURE 3. Discarded E-Waste

FIGURE 4. Electronic waste

handing

REFRIGERATORS

Total of 9374 refrigerators are in use, and according to

respondents most of the refrigerators have an average

lifespan of 10-12 years. Maximum discarded refrigera-

tors are used for exchange purposes to buy new refrig-

erator so the yearly generation is 13256.77 kg/year.

Somi Khan and Savita Vyas

254 INVENTORIZATION OF ELECTRONIC WASTE MANAGEMENT, ENGAGING WITH CONSUMPTION BIOSCIENCE BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS

AIR CONDITIONERS

On an average it is found that in every two household,

one number of AC is being possessed by the respond-

ent, brand new air conditioners were found to be used

for a long time. Maximum respondents have discarded

their air conditioner by exchange offer only and few

respondents have given to scraping dealer, total 1123 air

conditioners are used so the e-waste yearly generation

is 14.23kg/year.

WASHING MACHINES

Total 7543 washing machines are used on an averageand

it is found that each household respondent possessed

one number of washing machines. Brand new washing

machinewas found to be used for a long time. Many

respondents have discarded their washing machine

either by exchange offers or by giving to scrap dealer so

the e -waste yearly generation is 5389kg/year.

FIGURE 5. Source of electronic waste

Home Hospital Government

sectors

Private

sectors

Pc pc Fax machine Boiler

Fan ECG device Xerox machine Mixture

Fridge Microscope Scanner Incubator

Washing

machine

Incubator Fan Fan

Refrigerator fan Tube lights etc.

CD player etc. Air conditioner

COMPUTATION OF ELECTRONIC WASTE

GENERATION IN LAST YEAR FROM DATA

COLLECTED

Reduction of volume

Method which subtract the hazardous parts of waste

materials from non-hazardous parts, includes in volume

reduction these methodsare basically use for capacity

reduction also price of deposing of e-waste also reduce

waste steam capacity and divided into two parts:-

• Waste concentration

• Source segregation

The technique for waste reduction can be simple and

economical by segregation of wastes. Different types of

metal are present in a waste material can be treated sim-

ply which can improve the metal value of sludge. Waste

can be recycled by the technique of vacuum  ltration

also gravity or inverse osmosis or ultra- ltration etc.

Table 1. Total generation of batteries

S. No Total Generation of

Batteries

Quantity

1 Average Weight 30 kg

2 Total Usage of Batteries

in no.

3845

3 E-Waste of Batteries in

Last 5 years in no.

4784

4 Yearly Batteries

Generation in KG

8942kg/year

5 Batteries generation in MT 8.94 mt/year

Table 2. Total Generation of Air-Conditioners

S. No. Total Generation of AC Quantity

1 Average Weight in 1 AC 35 kg

2 Total usage of AC in no 1123

3 E-Waste of AC in Last 5

years in no.

1565

4 Yearly AC Generation

in KG

14.23 kg

5 AC generation in MT 14.22 mt/year

Table 3. Total Generation of Refrigerator

S. No Total Generation of

Refrigerator

Quantity

1 Average Weight in 1 Fridge 48 kg

2 Total Usage of Refrigerator in no 9374

3 E-Waste of Fridge in Last 5 years

in no

2045

4 Yearly Fridge Generation in KG 13256.77 kg/year

5 Refrigerator generation in MT 13.25 mt/year

Table 4. Total Generation of television

S. No. Total Generation of TV Quantity

1 Average Weight in 1 T.V. 36.2 kg

2 Total usage of TV in no. 8952

3 E-Waste of T.V. in Last years

in no

2173

4 Yearly T.V. Generation in KG 1644.25 kg/year

5 Yearly T.V. Generation in MT 16.44 mt/year

Reuse and recycle

In this method, we can reduce the price of waste removal

and raw materials also deliver pro table waste income.

Repair facility of waste materials can be provided onsite

as well as off-site. Reverse osmosis, condensation, elec-

trolytic repair,  ltration are the physical and chemical

method which is used to recover and reuse the waste

material

Somi Khan and Savita Vyas

BIOSCIENCE BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS INVENTORIZATION OF ELECTRONIC WASTE MANAGEMENT, ENGAGING WITH CONSUMPTION 255

Sustainable product design

• Redesign the product:- use less amount of hazard-

ous materials, to design the product example rede-

sign the new computer which has  atter lighter

and integrated materials

• Use of renewable materials and energy: - plant-

based chemical are used to make bio-based plastics.

• Use non-toxic and non-renewable materials:-

material which are non-renewable use such that

they can recycle and reuse. Example some parts of

processor product as dell and Gateway lease.

CONCLUSION

Electronic waste has suffered major concern in maximum

countries in the world, mainly those countries where

electronics and electrical waste is imported as well as

unregulated function processed and generating signi -

cant opposing environmental effect the evaluation of the

study indicates that in 2016, electronic and equipment

waste is calculated and the total collection of e waste is

estimated in around 432 MT in Bhopal city which is in

the Madhya Pradesh and increases year by years. Accord-

ing to the report, 16 registered recycle they collect the

electronic and electrical waste and process the electronic

and electrical equipment waste in India. Reuse and recy-

cle system were implemented in India it is very important

issue for sustainability, globally and domestically both.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Authors would like to thank Dr.Mukesh Pandey Head

Department School of Energy & Environment Manage-

ment RGPV Bhopal for providing the facilities required

in completing the project work.

REFERENCES

An D, Yang Y, Chai X, Xi B, Dong L, et al. (2015) Mitigating

pollution of hazardous materials from WEEE of China: Port-

folio selection for a sustainable future based on multi-criteria

decision making. Res Censer and Recycle 105: 198.

Bhat, V. &Patil,Y. (2014). Mobile User’s Perspectives towards

E-Waste: A Case of Pune city International journal of aca-

demic conferences proceeding, 1[21].

B. H. Robinson, Science of the Total Environment E-waste : An

assessment of global production and environmental impacts

Sci. Total Environ., vol. 408, no. 2, pp. 183–191, 2009.

Davis J, Garb Y (2015) A model for partnering with the infor-

mal e-waste industry: Rationale, principles and a case study.

Res Censer and Recycle 105: 73.

Garlapati VK (2016) E-waste in India and developed coun-

tries: Management, recycling, business and biotechnological

initiatives. Renew and Sustain Ener Rev 54: 874-881. Kid-

dee P, Naidu R, Wong M (2013) Electronic waste management

approaches: An overview. WasteManagement 33: 1237-1250.

L. Bisschop, How e-Waste Challenges Environmental

Governance,Int. J. Crime, Justice Soc. Democr., vol. 3, no. 2,

pp. 81–85, Aug. 2014.

Lin X, Xu X, Zeng X, Huo X (2017) Decreased vaccine antibody

titers following exposure to multiple metals and metalloids in

e-waste-exposed preschool children. Environ Pollu 220: 354-

363. Sthiannopkao S, Wong MH (2013) Handling e-waste in

developed and developing countries: Initiatives, practices, and

consequences. Sci of the Tot Environ 463: 1147-1153.

Liu X, Yu G, Gao Z, Wang B, Huang J, et al. (2017) Estimation

of human exposure to halogenated  ame retardants through

dermal adsorption by skin wipe. Chemo 168: 272-278.

P. Kiddee, R. Naidu, and M. H. Wong, Electronic waste man-

agement approaches: an overview Waste Manag., vol. 33, no.

5, pp. 1237–50, May 2013.

Ronald E. Hester, Roy M. Harrison EU Directive 2012/19/EU of

The European Parliament And of the Council of 4 July 2012 on

Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE)

Schwarzer S., and BonoA.D.E- waste, the hidden side of IT

equipment’s manufacturing and use, Environment Alert Bul-

letin. 5 (2005)

Sinha S. Downside of the Digital Revolution Published in Tox-

ics Link, 28/12/2007

Song Q, Li J (2014) A systematic review of the human body

burden of ewasteexposure in China. Environ Int 68: 82-93.

S. Sthiannopkao and M. H. Wong, Handling e-waste in devel-

oped and developing countries: initiatives, practices, and

consequences. Sci. Total Environ., vol. 463–464, pp. 1147–53,

Oct. 2013.

Table 5. Total Generation of Washing Machine

S. No Total Generation of

Washing Machine

Quantity

1 Average Weight 65 kg

2 Total Usage of Washing

Machine in no.

7543

3 E-Waste of WM in Last 5 years

in no

3687

4 Yearly WM Generation in KG 5389 kg/year

5 Washing Machine generation

in MT

53.89 mt/year