Biotechnological

Communication

Biosci. Biotech. Res. Comm. 10(1): 6-10 (2017)

A mini review on

in vitro

propagation of

Swertia

chirayita

an endangered medicinal plant

Shailja

Department of Biotechnology, Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni,

Solan – 173230 (H.P.), India

ABSTRACT

Swertia chirayita is an endangered indigenous medicinal herb. It is used in traditional medicine to treat various ail-

ments. Swertia chirayita is found in temperate regions of the Himalaya at an altitude of 1200–3000 m from Kashmir

to Nepal, Bhutan and grows in the slopes of moist shady places. The species is valued for its bitterness. The bitterness,

antihelmintic, hypoglycemic and antipyretic properties are attributed to amarogentin, swerchirin, swertiamarin and

other active principles of the herb. Its medicinal usage is reported in Indian pharmaceutical codex, the British and the

American pharmacopoeias and in different traditional systems of medicines such as the Ayurveda, Unani and Siddha.

With the passage of time there is increase in demand of this plant, so it is uprooted in its earlier stage and plant is

becoming endangered. There are some biotechnological methods like in vitro propagation and in vitro conservation

which can protect the medicinal plants to be extinct. These two methods help to produce maximum plants in less

time and conserved the plant for long time. These are also very useful in storing valuable germplasms. This review is

mainly focused on in vitro propagation and conservation of the Swertia chirayita.

KEY WORDS:

SWERTIA CHIRAYITA

IN VITRO

PROPAGATION, CONSERVATION, MEDICINAL PLANT, TISSUE CULTURE

ARTICLE INFORMATION:

*Corresponding Author: shailjabiotech@gmail.com

Received 2

Jan, 2017

Accepted after revision 12

March, 2017

BBRC Print ISSN: 0974-6455

Online ISSN: 2321-4007 CODEN: USA BBRCBA

Thomson Reuters ISI ESC and Crossref Indexed Journal

NAAS Journal Score 2017: 4.31 Cosmos IF : 4.006

reserved.

Online Contents Available at: http//www.bbrc.in/

INTRODUCTION

Swertia chirayita Buch.- Hams. ex Wall.belongs to fam-

ily Gentianaceae. It is commonly known as “Chirata”

and in sanskrit it is called as Anaryatikta, Ardhatikta,

Bhunimba, Chiratika, Chiratitka, Haima, Jvarantaka,

Kairata, Kandatiktaka, Kiranta, Kirataka, Kirata Tikta,

Naditikta, Naipala, Nepalanimba, Nidrari, Ramasenka,

Sannipatha, Sutiktaka, Trinanimba, and Viktaka (Anon,

1982 and Kritikar 1984). It is an indigenous species of

temperate Himalayas. Among many species of Swertia

in India chirayita is the only species which is consid-

ered most important for its medicinal properties (Joshi

and Dhawan, 2005).There is no steadiness in literature

that plant is either annual ( Anon, 1982 and Kritikar

1984), or biennial/pluri- annual (Edwards, 1993). The

plant has long been used for its blood-purifying, anti-

fungal and antihelmintic properties (Pant et al. 2011). S.

Shailja

chirayita plants contain several active constituents such

as xanthones,  avonoids, iridoids and secoiridoid glyco-

sides that are responsible for its therapeutics properties

(Kumar and Chandra, 2013).

The major phytochemicals of the bitter-tasting plant

include swertiamarin, amarogentin and mangiferin, a

xanthone C-glucoside (Phoboo et al. 2013). Swertiama-

rin is reported to be effective against hepatitis (Wang

et al. 2011) and shown to exhibit anti-diabetic (Vaidya

et al. 2013), anticancer (Kavimani and Manisenthlku-

mar, 2000) activities. Amarogentin is known to be anti-

diabetic(Phobooet al. 2013), anticancer (Pal et al. 2012)

and anti-arthritic (Saravanan et al. 2014).

The plant has an erect, about 2-3 ft long stem and

the whole plant is bitter in taste. It has lanceolate acute

leaves with orange brown or purplish coloured stem, and

contains large continuous yellowish pith. The roots are

simple, tapering , stout, short and almost 7 cm long.

The  owering & fruiting occurs between July to Sep-

tember. Flowers of Swertia chirayita are in the form of

numerous small, axillary, opposite, lax cymes arranged

as short branches small, stalked, green-yellow, tinged

with purple colour, rotate and tetramerous. The corolla

is twice as long as the calyx and divided near the base

into four ovate–lanceolate segments. The upper sur-

face of the petal has a pair of nectaries covered with

oblong scales and ending as fringes. Fruit is a small,

one-celled capsule with a transparent yellowish peri-

carp. It dehisces from septicidally into two valves. Seeds

are numerous, minute many-sided and angular. Floral

characteristics such as colourful corolla and presence of

nectaries support cross-pollination in the species. Swer-

tia chirayita contains a yellow bitter ophelic acid and

two bitter glucosides chiratin (Joshi and Dhawan., 2005,

Brahmchari et al., 2004 Pant et al., .2010, Chandra et al.,

2012, Kumar and Staden, 2016).

Swertia chirayita is dif cult to propagate on mass

scale via seed owing to non-availability of seeds due to

harvesting of plants before seeds mature. So instead of

going for conventional approaches of, the application of

alternative reproducible micropropagation strategies has

become inevitable for mass propagation and sustainable

utilization of this age-old medicinal plant.

Due to its over

exploitation for different medicinal uses and commercial

purposes its availability is decreasing day by day so it’s

becoming extinct.

S. chirayita conservation status has

been categorized as “critically endangered” (Joshi and

Dhawan, 2005 and Padhan et al. 2015). Developing an in

vitro regeneration protocol for Swertia chirayita is urgent

to promote large-scale production for ex situ conserva-

tion and for satisfying the pharmaceutical needs. Syn-

thetic seed technology is also an applied application of

modern plant biotechnology which offers tremendous

potential for easy handling, micropropagation and plant

germplasm conservation through cryopreservation (Gan-

tait et al. 2015 and Kumar and Staden, 2016).

This article brie y reviews the in vitro propagation

and in vitro conservation of the plant. This is an attempt

to compile and document information on micropropaga-

tion and in vitro conservation of S. chirayita and high-

light the need for research.

IN VITRO

PROPAGATION

Wawrosch et al. (1999) developed as protocol for micro-

propagation of Swertia chirayita. They found that mul-

tiplication by adventitious shoot regeneration from root

explants is most suitable method for the propagation of

Swertia chirayita. A two-step system consisting of an ini-

tial 3 weeks cultivation on modi ed MS medium supple-

mented with 3 μM 6-benzyladenine followed by another

period of 3 weeks in plant growth factor free medium

was used. The pH of all nutrient media was adjusted to

5.8± 0.1. The root explants taken from 6-to 8-week-old

plants are very well suited for the multiplication of Swer-

tia chirayita through regeneration of adventitious shoots.

The explants were cultured on modi ed basal MS medium

with 3 mMBAP for 3 weeks, followed by another 3 weeks

on hormone-free basal medium. An average of 1.9 very

healthy shoots per 5-mm explant were obtained. Dipping

of the shoots in an aqueous solution of NAA (15 ppm) fol-

lowed by 3 to 4 week cultivation period on hormone-free,

half-strength MS medium proved to be the most ef cient

method for rooting of Swertia chirayita.

Chaudhuri et al. (2007) produced genetically uni-

form plants from nodal explants of Swertia chirayita

Buch. Ham. ex Wall. Shoot regeneration was obtained

in shoot inducing medium containing half-strength MS

basal medium supplemented with 0.44 μM 6-BAP and

4.65 μM 6-furfurylaminopurine. The highest number of

shoots, that is 18 shoots per explant were obtained when

medium was again used with 10 mM KNO

and 75 mg/l

of casein hydrolysate. The plantlets were successfully

transferred to the  eld and produced viable seeds.

Joshi and Dhawan (2007) described the micropro-

pagation of Swertia chirayita through axillary shoot

multiplication from 4 weeks old seedling derived nodal

explants. 4.5 fold multiplication was obtained after

every 4 weeks on MS medium supplemented with 4μM

BAP and 1.5μM 2ip. Rooting was optimized on modi ed

MS medium supplemented with 1μM NAA and 500 mg

of activated charcoal which showed 94% of rooting.

A protocol for plant regeneration through indirect

organogenesis was established by Bisht et al. (2008) for

Swertia angustifolia Buch.-Hams. Callus was induced on

MS basal medium supplemented with cytokinin (Kine-

tin or BA) and auxin (2,4-D/IBA/NAA) from leaf, petiole

and stem explants. Higher concentration of Kinetin and

BIOSCIENCE BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS A MINI REVIEW ON

IN VITRO

PROPAGATION OF SWERTIA CHIRAYITA 7

Shailja

Table 1. list of important bioactive constituents isolated from Swertia chirayita

Active constituents Biological activities References

Amarogentin (chirantin) Topoisomerase inhibition, chemo-preventive

and antileishmanial effects .

[Ray 1996), [Saha and Dass 2005), [Phoboo

et al. 2013]

Amaroswerin Gastro-shielding [Niiho 2005], [Phoboo et al. 2013]

Gentianine Anti-in ammatory, anesthetic, antihistaminic,

anticonvulsant properties, hypotensive,

antipsychotic, lenitive, diuretic, antimalarial,

antiamoebic and antibacterial properties.

[Song Zhen Yu 1958; Geng Tao 1959; Kwak

2005]. [Bhattacharya 1974], [Mansoor and

Malghani MAK, 2005] , [Natarajan et al.,

1974, [Phoboo et al. 2013]

Swerchirin Antimalarial, hypoglycemic, hepatoprotective,

pro-heamatopoitic, and weak chemo preventive

pharmacological effects.

[Arino 1997], [Bajjpai 1991], [Saxena 1996],

[Ya 1999] [Hirkawa1987], [Phoboo et al.

2013].

Swertiamarin Analgesic property [Lei 1982], [Phoboo et al. 2013]

xanthones,  avonoids, iridoids and

secoiridoid glycosides

Therapeutic properties Joshi and Dhawan 2005

2,4–D (2.5-3.0 mg/l ) exhibited best callusing in leaf and

better in petiole explants. BA and NAA in the range of

1.5-2mg/l exhibited fast proliferation in callus mass in

both explants.Shoots were regenerated on MS medium

containing BA (1.5– 2.5 mg/l) and IBA or NAA (0.5-1.5

mg/l). Rooting was obtained with full or half MS media

with IBA or NAA (0.5 -1.5 mg/l).

Balaraju et al. (2009) established rapid system for

micropropagation of Swertia chirayita Buch. Hams.

ex Wall. using shoot tip explants derived from in vitro

grown seedlings. MS medium containing BAP (1.0 mg/l)

and Kinetin (0.1 mg/l) along with 2% sucrose induced

highest number of multiple shoots per explants. Micro

proliferated shoots were transferred to elongation

medium amended with 0.1 mg/l GA

. The highest fre-

quency of rooting was obtained in half MS medium sup-

plemented with 0.1 mg/l NAA.

Wang et al. (2009) investigated the effects of phyto

hormones on shoot regeneration from the leaves of  eld

grown Swertia chirayita .The best result obtained in MS

medium supplemented with 13.2μM 6- BAP and 0.54

μM - NAA. The highest rate of shoot regeneration was

96.5% on the medium with 0.54 μM NAA. Adventitious

shoots were transferred on the rooting medium. Root-

ing was optimized on MS medium supplemented with

NAA 5.40μM. Pant et al. (2010) developed an ef cient

protocol for in vitro propagation of Swertia chirayita.

Axillary shoot bud multiplication was achieved using

nodal segments as explants. A combination of BAP 4.4

μM + IAA 2.85 μM + Adenosine sulphate 271.45 μM

proved to be the best giving 11.8 fold multiplication

with average shoot length of 1.9 cm after 4 weeks and

18.5 fold multiplication with mean shoot length 2.6 cm

was observed. Best rooting was observed on MS medium

with IBA 4.90μM. Maximum mean number of root per

shoot 35.3 was observed after 8 weeks.

Pant et al. (2011) described procedure for regeneration

of complete plantlets of Swertia chirayita via indirect

organogenesis. Callus was obtained from in vitro regen-

erated roots on MS medium supplemented with varying

concentrations of BAP and 2,4-D. BAP (13.32 μM) in

combination with 2,4-D (0.90 μM) proved to be the most

effective concentration for callus induction, multiplication

and adventitious shoot regeneration from callus surface.

The optimal hormone combination for shoot multiplica-

tion was shown to be BAP (8.88 μM), IAA (2.85 μM) and

271.45 μM adenine sulphate (Ads). Individual elongated

shoots were rooted on half-strength MS medium supple-

mented with varying concentrations of auxins. Best root-

ing was obtained with MS Medium supplemented with

4.90 μM IBA. In vitro raised plantlets with well developed

shoots and roots were acclimatized successfully.

Jha et al. (2011) carried out in vitro propagation and

conservation of Swertia bimaculata Hook. f. & Thomas.

Seeds were germinated aseptically with low concen-

tration of BA (2.22 μM) or Kinetin (2.32 μM). The best

response of in vitro grown shoots was obtained on MS

medium with BA (2.22 μM), Kinetin (2.32 μM ) and NAA

(0.54μM). The number of shoots were increased to 20.6

on addition of 10 mM potassium nitrate (KNO

) in the

medium. Isolated shoots induce 100% rooting on basal

medium with in 5 weeks. Rooted plants were hardened

and transplanted in soil with 80-90% survival rate.

CONSERVATION OF

SWERTIA CHIRAYITA

Over exploitation of plant sources is a normal occurrence

due to its increasing demand. It is mostly used as tradi-

tional drug. The demand of this plant is on rise at both

national and international level due to its multiple uses

which leads to increase over harvesting of wild popula-

tions and ultimately in reduction of population. Accord-

ing to the International Union of Conservation of Nature

(IUCN) criteria, S.chirayita conservation status has been

categorized as “critically endangered” (Joshi and Dhawan,

2005). There are limitations in the use of seed propaga-

8 A MINI REVIEW ON

IN VITRO

PROPAGATION OF SWERTIA CHIRAYITA BIOSCIENCE BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS

Shailja

tion, due to low viability, and low germination percent-

ages (Badola and Pal, 2002; Chandra et al., 2012).

Biotechnology offers new means of conservation

of Swertia chirayita. Synthetic seed production is one

of them.In this method somatic embryos are encap-

sulated in a suitable matrix like sodium alginate along

with insectisides, fungicides and herbicides. Kumar

et al. (2014) reported on synthetic seed production and

plant regeneration of S.chirayita from somatic embryos.

However, studies are required to improve this technol-

ogy so that it can be used on large scale.. Cryopreserva-

tion this is also one another method of conservation. In

this method, the cells are preserved in the frozen state.

The germplasm is stored at a very low temperature using

liquid nitrogen (at-196ºC). The cells stay in completely

inactive state and thus can be conserved for long peri-

ods. Certain compounds like- DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide),

glycerol, ethylene, propylene, sucrose, mannose, glucose,

praline, acetamide are added during the cryopreservation.

These are called cryoprotectants and prevent the damage

caused to cells by reducing the freezing point and super

cooling point of water., (Ara et al., 2000; Sharma et al.,

2013a; Perveen and Anis, 2014; Gantait et al., 2015)

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES

This review article revealed the morphogenetic potential

of leaves of Swertia chirayita as a source for micro-

propagation. The explants can be easily and regularly

obtained from established shoot cultures and do not

require disinfection treatment hence being ideal for

germplasm exchange and cryopreservation. Normal leaf

culture establishment for a number of plant species have

the ability to accumulate secondary metabolites and

plays important role in pharmaceuticals. In vitro conser-

vation was done by cryo conservation. The government

has imposed total ban on collection or removal of plant-

ing materials of this important species from their natural

populations but this is not possible without the support

of local healers. There should be awareness among local

peoples to control the overexploitation. Scientists can-

not conserve this species without the help of local heal-

ers. There are many institutes and universities where

the research work is going on but that work should be

explored at higher level so that other researchers gain

experience from that and help in conserving endangered

medicinal plants otherwise this species also become

extinct. Biotechnological approaches are required in

future also to promote its medicinal use.

REFERENCES

Anon.(1982) In The Wealth of India: Raw Materials,CSIR, New

Delhi. vol. X: Pages 78–81

Ara H., Jaiswal U., and Jaiswal V.S. (2000) Synthetic seed:

prospects and limitations. Current Science Vol. 78: Pages

1438–1444.

Arino A. (1997) The extraction of yellow gentian root (Gen-

tianalutea L.) Zeitschrift fur Leben smitteluntersuchung und-

Forschung, Vol.205: Pages 295-299

Badola H. K. and Pal M.(2002) Endangered medicinal plant

species in Himachal Pradesh. Current Science Vol 83: Pages

797–798.

Bajpai M.B. (1991) Hypoglycemic effect of swerchirin from the

hexane fraction of Swertia chirayita. Planta Me Vol. 57:Pages

102-104

Balaraju K, Agastian P. and Ignacimuthu S.(2009) Micropro-

pagation of Swertia chirata Buch. Hams. ex Wall : a critically

endangered medicinal herb. Acta Physiologiae PlantarumVol

31No 3 : Pages 487- 494

Bhattacharya S. K. (1974) Letter: Chemical constituents of gen-

tianaceae. XI. Antipsychotic activity of gentianine. J Pharm

Sci Vol .63: Pages 1341-1342

Bisht S. S., Bhandari S. and Bisht N. S. (2008) In vitro organo-

genesis in Swertia angustifolia . Journal of Hill Research Vol

21 No. 2: Pages 41-46

Brahmchari G., Mandal S., Gangopadhyay A., Gorai D., and

Mukhopadhyay B.(2004) Swertia (Gentiananceae):chemical

and pharmalogical aspects.Chem. Biodiversity Vol. 1:Pages

1627-1651

Chandra S., Kumar V., Bandopadhyay R.,and Sharma M.

M.(2012) SEM and elemental studies of Swertia chirayita: a

critically endangered medicinal herb of temperate Himalayas.

Current Trends Biotechnology Pharm. Pages 6381–6388.

Chandra S., Kumar V., Bandopadhyay R.,and Sharma

M.M.(2012) SEM and elemental studiesof Swertia chirayita

critically endangered medicinal herb of temperate Himalayas.

Curr.Trends.Biotechnol.Pharm. Pages 6381–388

Chassot P. (2000) Phylogenetic position of the genus Swertia

(Gentiananceae) in the subtribe Swertiinae .American Journal

of Botany. 87(suppl):Pages 118-119

Chaudhuri R. K., Pal A. and Jha T. B. (2007) Production of

genetically uniform plants from nodal explants of Swertia chi-

rayita Buch. Ham. Ex Wall: an endangered medicinal herb. In

Vitro Cellular and Developmental BiologyPlantVol.43 No.5:

Pages 467-472

Edwards D.M.(1993)The marketing of non-timber forest prod-

uct from the Himalayas : The trade between East Nepal and

India rural development Forestry Network. Rural Development

For Network.Pages1-21

Gantait S., Kundu S., Ali N., and Sahu N.C.(2015)Synthetic

seed production of medicinal plants:a review on in uence of

explants, encapsulation agent and matrix. ActaPhysiol.Plant

37,98.doi:10.1007/s11738-015-1847-2

Gaur R.D. (1999) Flora of the District Garhwal North West

Himalaya (with ethnobotanical notes)Transmedia, Srinagar

(Garhwal) Page208

Geng Tao. (1959)Journal of Physiology. Vol. 23:Page 203

BIOSCIENCE BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS A MINI REVIEW ON

IN VITRO

PROPAGATION OF SWERTIA CHIRAYITA 9

Shailja

Hirkawa K. (1987) Chemo preventive action of xanthone deriv-

atives on photosensitized DNA damage. Photochemical Photo-

biology Vol .81: Pages 314-319

Jha T. B., Dafadar A. and Chaudhuri K. R. (2011) Somatic

embryogenesis in Swertia chirata Buch. Ham. Ex Wall: a

multipotent medicinal herb. Asian Journal of Biotechnology

Vol 3: Pages 186-193

Joshi P and Dhawan V.(2005) Swertia chirayita –an overview.

Current Sciences.vol.89 No. 4:Pages 635-640

Joshi P, and Dhawan V. (2007) Axillary multiplication of Swer-

tia chirayita: a critically endangered medicinal herb of temper-

ate Himalayas. In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology

PlantVol. 43 No.6: Pages 631-638

Kavimani S. and Manisenthl kumar K. T. (2000) Effect of metha-

nolic extract of Enicostemma littorale on Dalton’s ascitic lym-

phoma. Journal of Ethnopharmacology Vol. 71 :Pages 349–352

Kirtikar K. R. and Basu B. D. (eds)(1984) Indian Medicinal

Plants, Allahabad.vol. III: Pages 1664–1666

Kumar V. and Chandra S. (2013) Ef cient regeneration and

antioxidant activity of the endangered species Swertia chi-

rayita. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences Vol

4 No. 4:Pages 823-833

Kumar V. and Staden J. V.(2016)

A Review of Swertia chi-

rayita (Gentianaceae)as aTraditional Medicinal Plant. Frontiers

in Pharmacology Vol. 6(308):Pages1-14

Kwak W. J. (2005) Effects of gentianine on the production

of proin ammatory cytokines in male Sprague-Dawley rats

treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) Biol Pharm Bull, Vol. 28:

Pages750-753

Lei Wei Ya (1982) Swertia marins central inhibitory effects.

Journal of Chinese Materia Medica, Vol 13: Page 368

Mansoor A and Malghani MAK. (2005) .Diuretic effect of Gen-

tiana olivieri and its alkaloid gentianine .Botany. m plants.

August 13-17, Austin, Texas. Oral presentation

Natarajan P. N., Wan A. S., and Zsaman V. (1974) Antimalarial,

antiamobeic and toxicity tests on gentianine. Planta Med. Vol

.25: Pages 258-260

Niiho Y. (2005) Gastro protective effects of bitter principles

isolated from Gentian root and Swertia herb on experimentally

induced gastric lesions in rats. Journal of Natural Medicine,

Vol. 60:Page 888

Padhan J. K., Kumar V., Sood H., Singh T. R. and Chauhan R.

S. (2015) Contents of therapeutic metabolites in Swertia chi-

rayita correlate with the expression pro les of multiple genes

in corresponding biosynthesis pathways. Phytochemistry DOI

10.1016.

Pal D., Sur S., Mandal S., Das A., Roy A. , Das S. and Panda

C. K. (2012)

Prevention of liver carcinogenesis by amarogentin through

modulation of G1/S cell cycle check point and induction of

apoptosis. Carcinogenesis Vol.33 :Pages2424–2431

Pant M., Bisht P. and Gusain M. P. (2011) In vitro propagation

through root derived callus culture of Swertia chirata Buch.

Ham. ex Wall. African Journal of Biotechnology Vol 11 No 29

:Pages 7408-7416

Pant M., Bisht P., and Gusain M. P. (2010) In vitro propagation

through axillary bud culture of Swertia chirata Buch. Ham. ex

Wall: an endangered medicinal herb. International Journal of

Integerative Biology Vol. 10 No 1:Pages 48-53

Perveen S., and Anis M. (2014) Encapsulation of internode

regenerated adventitious shoot buds of Indian Sirisin alginate

beads for temporary storage and two fold clonal plant produc-

tion. Acta Physiology Plantareum Vol. 36, Pages 2067–2077.

doi: 10.1007/s11738-014-1584-y

Phoboo S., Pinto M. D. S., Barbosa A. C. L., Sarkar D. , Bhow-

mik P. C., Jha P. K. and Shetty K. (2013) Phenolic-linked bio-

chemical rationale for the anti-diabetic properties of Swertia

chirayita (Roxb. ex Flem.) Karst. Phytotherapy Research Vol.

27 :Pages 227–235

Ray S. (1996) Amarogentin, a naturally occurring secoiridoid

glycoside and a newly recognized inhibitor of topoisomer-

ase1 from Leishmania donovani J Nat Prod, Vol. 59: Pages

27-29

Saha P., and Das S. B. (2005) Fraction of Swertia chirata pre-

vent carcinogenic risk due to DMBA Exposure. Indian Journal

of Medical Research, 22-27 Poster Presentation

Saravanan S., Hairul Islam V. I., Prakash Babu N., Pandikumar

P., Thirugnana sambantham K., Chellappandian M ., Simon

D. R., Gabriel C., Paulraj M. and Ignacimuthu S. (2014) Swer-

tia marin attenuates in ammation mediators via modulating

NF-jB/I jB and JAK2/STAT3 transcription factors in adjuvant

induced arthritis. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sci-

ences Vol. 56: Pages70–86

Saxena A. M. (1996)Mode of action of three structurally differ-

ent hypoglycemic agents: a comparative study. Indian Journal

of Experimental Biology Vol. 34: Pages 351-355

Sharma N., Varshney V. K., Kala R. P., Bisht B., and Sharma

M.(2013) Antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content of

Swertia chirayita (Roxb.ex Fleming) H. Karst. In Uttarakhand.

Int.J.Pharm.Sci.Rev.Res. Vol 23:Pages 259–261.

Song Zhen Yu. (1958) Journal of Physiology. Vol. 22 :Page 201

Vaidya H., Goyal R. K. and Cheema S. K. (2013) Anti-diabetic

activity of swertiamarin is due to an active metabolite, gentia-

nine, that upregulates PPAR-c gene expression in 3T3-L1 cells.

Phytotherapy Research Vol. 27: Pages 624–627

Wang Li, An Lizhe, Hu Yan Ping, Wei Lixin and Li Yi. (2011)

In uence of phytohormones and medium on the shoot regen-

eration from leaf of Swertia chirata Buch. Ham. ex Wall in vitro.

African Journal of BiotechnologyVol 8 No 11: Pages 2513-

2517

Wawrosch C., Maskay N., and Koop B. (1999) Micropropaga-

tion of the threatened Nepalese medicinal plant Swertia chi-

rata Buch-Ham. Ex Wall. Plant Cell Report Vol. 18 No 12:

Pages 997-1001

Ya B. Q. (1999) Protective effect of swerchirin on hematopi-

oesis in 60 Co-irrdiated mice. Phytomedicine Vol. 6: Pages

85-88

10 A MINI REVIEW ON

IN VITRO

PROPAGATION OF SWERTIA CHIRAYITA BIOSCIENCE BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS