Dental

Communication

Biosci. Biotech. Res. Comm. 10(3): 525-528 (2017)

Adhesion of

Streptococcus mutans

on glazed IPS e.max

press, glazed feldspatic and dental enamel

Ezzatollah Jalalian

, Fahimeh Sarzaeem

* and Mahkameh Koochaki Pourchafjiri

Associate Professor, Department of Fixed Prosthodontics, Member of Dental Material Research Center,

Dental Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

Postgraduate Student, Department of Fixed Prosthodontics, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

Dentist

ABSTRACT

Despite several researches done to determine accuracy of microbial growth in the restoration treatment, the mecha-

nisms for these reports is still unclear.The aim of the study was to comparison adhesion of the Streptococcus mutans

on glazed IPS e.max press, glazed feldspatic and dental enamel. The in vitro study was done on 15 samples: 5 glazed

IPS e.max, 5 glazed feldspatic and 5 dental enamels for vicinity of the bacterial suspension containing Streptococcus

mutans (10 × 10

cell/mLit). After 48 hours, Streptococcus mutans colonies were counted with the naked eye. The

mean Streptococcus mutans attached to dental enamel was 24.4±8.44 (P<0.001). The Streptococcus mutans attached

to glazed IPS e.max was 1.8±0.83. The Streptococcus mutans attached to glazed feldspatic was 1.4±0.54. No signi -

cant differences observed between the IPS e.max and feldspatic (P<0.8). The results showed Streptococcus mutans

adhesion to enamel was higher than glazed IPS e.max and glazed feldspatic ceramic material.

KEY WORDS: IPS E.MAX, FELDSPATIC,

STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS

525

ARTICLE INFORMATION:

*Corresponding Author: sarzaeem@yahoo.com

Received 12

June, 2017

Accepted after revision 21

Sep, 2017

BBRC Print ISSN: 0974-6455

Online ISSN: 2321-4007 CODEN: USA BBRCBA

Thomson Reuters ISI ESC and Crossref Indexed Journal

NAAS Journal Score 2017: 4.31 Cosmos IF: 4.006

reserved.

Online Contents Available at: http//www.bbrc.in/

DOI: 10.21786/bbrc/10.3/28

INTRODUCTION

There is a rich ecosystem in the oral cavity, with a count-

less number of microorganisms. Although both peri-

odontal disease and dental caries are considered multi-

factorial diseases, the bacteria in the dental plaque are

the main factor in their onset and progression. Increased

oral microbiota of Streptococcus mutans and Lactoba-

cillus is associated with the onset of tooth deminerali-

zation and periodontal disease. This condition is much

more frequent in orthodontic patients with greater risk

of colonization by these microorganisms ( Brusca et al.

2007, Harikrishnan et al. 2013, Nascimento et al. 2014

Jalalian et al. 2015Duymus et al. 2016).

Fahimeh Sarzaeem et al.

Despite several researches done to determine accu-

racy of microbial growth in the restoration treatment,

the mechanisms for these reports is still unclear However

the saliva composition and secretion rate also in uence

plaque formation (Gameiro et al. 2009).Porcelain has

excellent esthetic properties and biocompatibility, and

major emphasis in research have been directed toward

the enhancement of its strength and aesthetic properties

(Rashid, 2014).

Scarce reports exist on bacterial adhesion to por-

celain restorations (Kamala and Annapurni, 2006). A

previous research stated the best results were obtained

through glazing, since it provided a surface topography

with minimal bacterial af nity (Sarac et al. 2006). Addi-

tionally, it is demonstrated that polished surfaces had

lower bacterial adhesion than glazed surfaces (Kawai

et al. 2000). In a similar study, Jalalian et al. (2015)

reported the adhesion of Streptococcus mutans to the

enamel was higher than that to polished IPS e.max Press

and polished feldspathic porcelain. However, there is no

report comparing effect of porcelains with natural den-

tal enamel. So, the aim of the current study was to deter-

mine adhesion of the Streptococcus mutans on glazed

IPS e.max press, glazed feldspatic and dental enamel

adhesion using in vitro condition.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The in vitro study was done on 15 samples: 5 glazed

IPS e.max, 5 glazed feldspatic and 5 dental enamels for

vicinity of the bacterial suspension containing Strepto-

coccus mutans (10

cell/mLit). The samples had diameter

5× 2mm in laboratory, then phosphate base fabricated.

The feldspatic samples fabricated using feldspatic pow-

ders (lvocular, Germany) based on manufacture instruc-

tions. Ito fabricate IPS e.max press samples, 2 × 5 mm

were blocks produced. The dental enamels obtained from

normal premolar using diamond disks. The samples

glazed at 625ºC beginning temperature and increased

each 20 minutes until  nal 920ºC, then cooled in fresh

air. Samples washed using distilled water then autoclave.

STUDY PROTOCOL

To increase hygiene condition, all samples were located

into ultrasonic system for 15 min and then transferred

into 70 % alcohol for 30 min. the being sterile of the

samples was tested using BHI condition for 24 h. Saliva

samples obtained from 2 healthy patients which had

no medication for last 3 months without dental caries

or periodontal disease. The saliva samples sterile using

autoclave (Garcez et al. 2011). Then samples coated

with saliva, put into glass vials and immersed in 2mL

of Streptococcus mutans (PTCCI 683) suspension (×10

CFU) and incubated in 37 ºC and 5% CO

for 24 h. Sam-

ples washed 3 times with normal saline, immersed into

2 mL of normal saline and shacked for 2 min (Fournier

et al. 1998). Obtained suspension cultured on blood agar

and incubated in 37 ºC with 5% CO

for 48h and the

colonies counted (Kantoriski et al. 2006). After 48 hours,

Streptococcus mutans colonies were counted with the

naked eye.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

Data for bacteria load was analyzed by one way analy-

sis of variance (ANOVA) using SPSS 16.0 for Windows

and is presented as mean ± Sd. For treatments showing

a main effect by ANOVA, means were compared using

Tukey HSD test. P<0.05 was considered as signi cant

differences between treatments.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

As seen in table, the mean Streptococcus mutans

attached to dental enamel was 24.4±8.44 (P<0.001). The

Streptococcus mutans attached to glazed IPS e.max was

1.8±0.83. The Streptococcus mutans attached to glazed

feldspatic was 1.4±0.54. No signi cant differences

observed between the IPS e.max and feldspatic (P<0.8).

Table 1. The adhesion of streptococcus

mutans on different restoration

adhesion C.V

Feldspatic 1.4±0.54 38.57

IPS e.max 1.8±0.83 46.11

Dental enamel 24.4±8.44 34.59

P value 0.001

As observed in the current study, Streptococcus

mutans attached was lower in glazed feldspatic< IPS

e.max¸ dental enamel. However, no signi cant differ-

ence observed between glazed feldspatic and IPS e.max.

Bacteria-dental interactions typical of enamel or cemen-

tum surfaces, in vivo bio lm formation on restorative

surfaces have physiochemical and biochemical interac-

tions (Hara and Zero, 2010). Pathogenic communities

involving Bi dobacterium dentium, Scardovia wiggsiae,

Bi dobacterium longum, Bi dobacterium adolecentis,

Prevotella spp, Selenomonas spp and Lactobacilli spp

have also been demonstrated to be complicit in the eti-

ology of dental caries (Zhang et al. 2015). Streptococcus

mutans has been demonstrated as the primary etiologic

agent in caries initiation and reductionist approach can

elucidate vital information regarding its interaction with

restoration surfaces; however, additional studies may

also use a more holistic approach (Wessel et al. 2014).

526 ADHESION OF STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS ON GLAZED IPS BIOSCIENCE BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS

BIOSCIENCE BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS ADHESION OF STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS ON GLAZED IPS 527

Fahimeh Sarzaeem et al.

The  rst stage of colonization by an organism involves

adherence of the organism to a host surface. From this

viewpoint, evaluation of Streptococcus mutans adhesion

and colonization to tooth surfaces and restorative mate-

rials are of most importance for their success (Lassila

et al. 2009). Eick et al. (2004) demonstrated that no cor-

relation found between surface roughness and the num-

ber of Streptococcus mutans. In the oral environment,

the adsorption of salivary proteins to the tooth or restor-

ative surface precedes and promotes bacterial adherence.

They can form an acquired salivary pellicle to which

bacteria and structural substrates may bind (Keulemans

et al. 2009). Plaque accumulation was more in uenced

by the presence of a salivary pellicle than by material

type. Viability, however, was in uenced by material

composition, in this case, differentiated by glass content

(Dittmer et al. 2015).

Feldspathic porcelains are usually used as a veneer-

ing material for metal ceramic restorations and provide

excellent esthetics and compressive strength (Duymus

et al. 2016). Otherwise, the rough porcelain surface is

prone to adhesion and retention of oral microorganisms

causing excessive plaque accumulation, gingival irrita-

tion, increased surface staining and poor esthetics of the

restored teeth and thereby increasing the risk of dental

caries and periodontal disease (Hengtrakool et al. 2011).

The oral cavity is a complex, aqueous environment

where the restorative material is in contact with saliva

(Hengtrakool et al. 2011). Other factors such as low pH

due to acidic foods and drinks may in uence the mate-

rial’s mechanical and physical characteristics (Honorio

et al. 2008). The availability and long-term success of

prosthesis, depends upon the protection of the polished

surface. The degradation of surface  nish will cause the

formation of surface cracks and after a while, leaving

the porcelain metal sub-structure. In addition, surface

deterioration will facilitate the involvement of plaque

and microorganisms (Honorio et al. 2008).

Karayazgan et al. (2010) reported that the level of

adhesion of Candida albicans to the polished surface of

feldspathic porcelain was 3.4 ± 0.25 colonies/mm

. In a

similar study, enamel used as the control for assessment

of the adhesion of Streptococcus mutans to uncoated

and saliva-coated glass ceramics and composites (Kan-

torski et al. 2008) and their report was consistent with

the  ndings of the current study. In a research on the

adhesion to different the ceramics, composites and

amalgam concluded the bacterial af nity was equal in

all groups of ceramics assessed (Kawai et al. 2000). In

conclusion the results showed Streptococcus mutans

adhesion to enamel was higher than glazed IPS e.max

and glazed feldspatic ceramic material. According to the

 ndings of the present study, polished IPS e.max Press

and polished feldspathic porcelain exhibit similar char-

acteristics in terms of bacterial adhesion and either one

can be the choice material.

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528 ADHESION OF STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS ON GLAZED IPS BIOSCIENCE BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS