![](bg5.png)
Moradinejad, Shakib and Eftekhari
328 COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON THE ENAMEL DEMINERALIZATION OF CEMENTED ORTHODONTIC BANDS BIOSCIENCE BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS
tion whereas zinc phosphate had the highest enamel
demineralization in banded teeth (Hegde 2014). It can be
concluded that the ndings taken from this study cor-
respond with the current research. In 2012, in another
study in India, Goje et al. investigated the strength
against enamel demineralization after banding 4 ortho-
dontic cements in in vitro conditions and they suggested
that banded teeth which were cemented by glass ionomer
and RMGI had the lowest values followed by zinc poly
carboxylate and zinc phosphate (Goje etal. 2012). Same
ndings could be observed from the current research.
Kashani etal., in 2012, investigated the enamel deminer-
alization depth of adjacent cemented orthodontic bands
using zinc polycarboxylate, glass ionomer and RMGI in
Iran. In their ndings, the highest depth was for zinc
polycarboxylate; and the best result of preventing caries
in orthodontic bands was for RMGI (Kashani 2012).
The results taken from the recent study have been
reported in the current research in which RMGI was a
more suitable cement to prevent caries lesions. In another
research carried out in Canada in 2002, Foley etal. also
found out that zinc phosphate had more dye penetration
compared to zinc poly carboxylate cements and RMGI.
They also reported that RMGI is the best for long-term
orthodontic treatment (Foley 2002).As resin modi ed
glass ionomer possesses speci c features, researchers
consider it as a more suitable cement to prevent caries
lesions around and beneath orthodontic bands. There-
fore, considering the results of the observations (Foley
2002, Weiner 2008). We can conclude that resin modi-
ed glass ionomer could be used as an intermediary for
orthodontic banding purposes. However, it is important
to consider all the consequences of this replacement
including clinical inspections.
It is proven that in the rst three days of cement-
ing much more uoride is released from orthodontic
cements. However, after three weeks uoride release
decline considerably (Ogaard 1989). Having said that, it
is essential to conduct long term evaluations of demin-
eralization depth of caries lesions after applying ortho-
dontic cements.The lesions of enamel caries which are
arti cially created have all the histologic characteristics
of natural caries and they are successfully applied in in
vitro enamel demineralization researches (Casals 2007).
Moreover, stimulated enamel caries lesions are prepared
in a more homogenous way. As a result, a much more
reliable laboratory model is provided to survey deminer-
alization and remineralization depth values. Under these
condition the area in enamel in which carries form and
has a xed depth in subsurface, can be used to evalu-
ate remineralization (Queiroz 2008). Generalizing lab
research results to oral cavity has its own limitations.
First of all, in oral cavity variables such as uoride
weakening by saliva play an important role and hence
gaining access to various uoride products and clean-
ing them cannot be stimulated in experimental lab stud-
ies (Damato 1990). Moreover, in oral cavity conditions,
there are variables related to host such as the mineral
concentrations of tooth and pellicle or the conditions
in which plaque can be formed that can affect demin-
eralization value. The factors related to saliva includ-
ing salivary ow rate, its composition and buffering
capacity can have protective effects in tooth surfaces
(Marsh 1999). Increasing the remineralization capability
of saliva is also clinically important. As saliva is widely
found in oral cavity, the demineralization rate is de -
nitely lower than lab conditions; so more evaluations
are recommended in clinical environments and in situ.
CONCLUSION
It can be concluded that using resin modi ed glass iono-
mer has had the best results in preventing enamel dem-
ineralization under orthodontic bands.
REFERENCES
Buchalla W, Attin T, Hellwig E. (2000). Brushing abrasion of
luting cements under neutral and acidic conditions. Oper Dent;
25: 482-487.
Casals E, Boukpessi T, McQueen CM, Eversole SL, Faller RV.
(2007). Anticaries potential of commercial dentifrices as deter-
mined by uoridation and remineralization ef ciency. J Con-
temp Dent Pract Nov; (7): 1-10.
Craig R. (2006). Restorative dental materials. 12th Ed. St. Louis:
The CV Mosby Co. Chap20: 486-491.
Damato FA, Strang R, Stephen KW. (1990). Effect of uoride
concentration on remineralization of carious enamel: an in
vitro pH-cycling study. Caries Res; 24: 174-180.
Foley T, Aggarwal M, Hatibovic-Kofman S. (2002). A compari-
son of in vitro enamel demineralization potential of 3 ortho-
dontic cements. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop; 121:526–
530.
Goje SK, Sangolgi VK, Neela P, Lalita CH. (2012). A comparison
of resistance to enamel demineralization after banding with
four orthodontic cements: an in vitro study. J Ind Orthod Soc;
46(3): 141-147.
Hajmiragha H, Nokar S, Alikhasi M, Nikzad S, Dorriz H. (2008).
Solubility of three luting cements in dynamic arti cial saliva.
Journal of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences;
5:95-98.
Hegde AB, Patil T, Khandekar S, Gupta G, Krishna Nayak US.
(2014). Comparative assessment of resistance to enamel dem-
ineralization after orthodontic banding with three different
cements: an in vitro study. Cumhuriyet Dent J; 17(2): 159-165.
Johnson N. (2000). Currents products and practice orthodontic
banding cements. J Orthod; 3: 283-284.