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Vahideh Riyahi et al.
INTRODUCTION
Varicose veins originating from the Latin root Varix
means twisted, and it refers to swollen vein or dilate
veins. Varicose veins, is the most common human vascu-
lar disease that affects about 10-20% of the population.
Varicose veins are veins long, dilated and twisted and is
often seen at the interior surfaces of the lower limbs. The
highest prevalence of varicose veins is estimated among
women aged 40-49 years. Varicose veins are large, fully
bulged and noticeable and sometimes palpable and
dilated and elongated, and sometimes have more than
4 mm diameter. Swollen and spider web-like Varicose
veins are very common (Harrie & Kendall, 2014).
More than 40 percent of women over 50 suffer from
the disease. Varicose veins are super cial veins, dilated
and zigzagged due to structural defects and performance
of the saphenous veins, or due to the inherent weakness
of the vein wall or rarely due to Arteriovenous stu-
las. More than 20 million adult Americans are suffering
from varicose vein disease. The disease causes a feeling
of illness or nausea and as a result reduces the normal
functions of the patient. These veins are related to leg
swelling, pain, dermatitis, phlebitis and ulcers. Patients
with venous failure often complain of pain in their legs
that worsen with prolonged standing and is relieved by
elevating the feet. In the examination of shank diam-
eter, edema of super cial varicose veins and erythema,
dermatitis, hyperpigmentation can be seen in the lower
leg and the skin near the external ankle might become
ulcerous .Varicose veins are mostly asymptomatic and
only the aesthetic aspects require medical attention. If
symptomatic, the pain, fullness and diffused non-spe-
ci c heaviness are felt in the legs, especially after stand-
ing a long time. Sometimes swelling in the ankles and
bulged vessels can be seen in the feet (Chung et al., 2000
Harrie & Kendall, 2014).
Avoiding long time standing or sitting position,
avoiding long-time exposure of legs in the sun and heat
or prolonged contact with garter or belt, avoidance of
continuous wearing of strip (band) or stockings, avoid-
ing simple sugars and lipids and the use of medications
such as avonoid derivatives, sodium morrhuate are
among the methods of reducing the symptoms of vari-
cose veins(Stiegmann, Sun, & Hammond, 1988) .
Microneedling is a method recently used for skin dis-
eases. Microneedling is a device for general skin nee-
dling which has a comparable impact with laser treat-
ments and chemical peelings. This device can be used
exclusively or as a complement to other treatment meth-
ods. . The disposable needles’ points are short and tiny, it
includes 12 microneedles that should be discarded after
each treatment. For treatment, needle penetration depth
must be between 25% to 2/5 mm set with a speed of
25 beats per second and beat for 90 beats per seconds
which nally between 300 and 1,000 tiny holes in sec-
onds are created in the surface. Microneedling is used to
stimulate the skin to make natural collagen, (Harrie &
Kendall, 2014).
Furthermore, treatment with this device helps pen-
etration and absorption of drugs to the skin, skin reju-
venation and wrinkles, acne scars healing, improvement
of body craze and the overall appearance of the skin
and shrinkage of the size of the pores. Backlog and
increasing the elasticity of the skin, new collagen pro-
duction, surface and deep wrinkles reduction, improving
crazes, and improving decrements of pigmented lesions’
peneteration ,materials, creams and vitamins to the skin
after treatment with microneedling can be named as the
advantages of microneedling (Van Stiegmann & Goff,
1988)
Research has shown that many patients with varicose
veins can control their disease through regular exercise,
excess weight loss, self-care behavior, and drug con-
trol. In this regard, since the use of drugs in most cases
is expensive, invasive, and associated with many side
effects, physical activity must be considered as the focus
of prevention and management of disease(Carr, 2006).
Regular exercise stimulates blood circulation, improves
the muscles power, and helps prevent varicose veins.
On the other hand, intense aerobic activity, running,
cycling, or any other strenuous activity may lead to
increased blood pressure in the legs and intensify vari-
cose veins (Gloviczki & Yao 2001 and Goldman, 2002).
Hence, one of the ways that can lead to this type of
activity is activity in water. Varicose veins are caused
when the blood accumulates in the veins and blood ow
is impaired. Aquatic exercise stimulates blood ow and
reduces swelling veins. Soft pressure of water helps the
blood move in the veins, and touch receptors located in
the skin reduce irritation and sensitivity to pain(Diehm
& Diehm, 2002). Water buoyancy reduces the weight
thus provides easy mobility in water for motor impaired
people. Moreover, water resistance properties can cre-
ate a form of resistance training conditions, which in
addition to the physical bene ts can create emotional
bene ts (Yaser & Sadeghi 2012).
In addition, water can also increase the exibility
of muscles and bones, thereby reducing muscle-bone
spasms and increase the individual’s power.Water exer-
cise also reduces heart rate, cardiac workload and oxy-
gen consumption during exercise on land(Ghaffari et al.,
2008). In this regard, the results of the study by Ernst
et al. (1992) where the impact of hot and cold water
bath in 122 patients with varicose veins was examined,
it was shown that the experimental group compared to
the control group in the variables of muscle contraction,
itching, pain when standing or sitting and sensitivity,
BIOSCIENCE BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS COMPARATIVE EFFECT OF MICRO NEEDLING AND ITS IMPACT ON TRAINING IN WATER 271