Medical
Communication
Biosci. Biotech. Res. Comm. 10(2): 248-251 (2017)
Comparison of transverse strength of three different
types of heat cured resin acrylics
Hamid Neshandar Asli,
1
Saba Moradian
2
and Marzieh Neshandar Asli
3
*
1
Associate Professor, Dental Sciences Research Center, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry,
Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
2
DDS Dentist, School of Dentistry, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, IRAN
3
Dental student, School of Dentistry, University of Debrecen, HUNGARY
ABSTRACT
The invention of Poly methyl methacrylate lead to new evolution in dental prosthesis science and is an ideal material
to produce acrylic denture base resins but unfortunately, fracture is a common problem, so for reinforcement we have
to consider some methods for improving them in special conditions. In this study 30 heat cure acrylic (Meliodent) in
dimentions (70mm 15mm 3mm) were used. In  rst group heat cure acrylic without any reinforcement, Second
group heat cure acrylic was reinforced with 1mm sand blast metal wire and third group, samples were reinforced
with 1mm sandblast metal wire that impregnated with 4meta bonding agent. All of the samples tested with universal
testing machine by 5 mm speed/min, then the result analyzed by ANOVA and TUKEY HSD. The transverse strength of
rst group was 87.47 N/mm2. Also, transverse strength in the second and third groups was 98.42 N/mm2 and 111.43
N/mm2, respectively. Based on the results, signi cant difference detected between 3 groups (P<0.05). The maximum
transverse strength was seen in third group. The use of1mm sandblast metal wire that impregnated with 4meta bond-
ing agent had positive effect on strengthening and reinforcement of resin acrylic denture and dimensions which can
27.39% improve the transverse strength.
KEY WORDS: TRANSVERSE STRENGTH, 4-META RESINS, DENTAL PROSTHESIS, DENTAL BONDING, ACRYLIC RESINS
248
ARTICLE INFORMATION:
*Corresponding Author: Marzieh.neshandar@hotmail.com
Received 1
st
April, 2017
Accepted after revision 29
th
June, 2017
BBRC Print ISSN: 0974-6455
Online ISSN: 2321-4007 CODEN: USA BBRCBA
Thomson Reuters ISI ESC and Crossref Indexed Journal
NAAS Journal Score 2017: 4.31 Cosmos IF : 4.006
© A Society of Science and Nature Publication, 2017. All rights
reserved.
Online Contents Available at: http//www.bbrc.in/
Hamid, Saba and Marzieh
INTRODUCTION
Poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) material as denture
base material which is more preferred material than
the other denture base materials (Rickman et al. 2012).
PMMA is routinely produced by suspension or emulsion
polymerization. PMMA is formed by addition polymeri-
zation of multiple methyl methacrylate monomers in the
presence of an initiator, typically benzyl peroxide (Alla
et al. 2011). The PMMA is usually used for the construc-
tion of removable partial or complete dentures (Raj and
D’Souza 2011). In heat-cured materials, the polymeriza-
tion process is initiated by the release of free radicals
from benzyl peroxide on supply of heat energy (Ginju-
palli et al. 2012). These free radicals react with the mon-
omer molecules and continue till the monomer is avail-
able (Bhatia et al. 2013). These materials are supplied in
the form of powder while liquid form of them contains
nely divided pre-polymerized PMMA beads and liquid
contains methyl methacrylate (Gosavi et al. 2013).
The transverse or  exural strength test, one of
mechanical strength tests, is especially useful in com-
paring denture base materials in which a stress of this
applied to the denture during mastication. The trans-
verse or  exural strength is a combination of compres-
sive strength, tensile, and shear strength, all of which
directly re ect the stiffness and resistance of a material
to fracture (Ersu et al. 2009). The transverse strength
of acrylic resins depends on numerous factors including
polymer molecular weight and bead size, residual mono-
mer level, plasticizer composition, cross–linking agent,
internal porosity of the polymer matrix, denture base
thickness, patient factory and action of chemical agents
(Gurbuz et al. 2010). Physical properties of the denture
base are important for longevity of dental prosthesis
(Tugut et al. 2012). Transverse strength of acrylic resins
is reliable method to estimated resin behavior under dif-
ferent experimental conditions (Tugut et al. 2012).
Essential requirement for denture base polymers are
adequate mechanical properties, suf cient aesthetics,
hygiene, easy handling of resins and minimal release of
residual compounds such as residual monomer (Raj and
D’Souza, 2011). To solve this perplexing problem, it is
reported to altering the PMMA surface before applying a
resilient material (Tugut et al. 2012). In this regard, sand
blasting procedure has been introduced which involves
spraying a stream of aluminum oxide particles against
the material surface intended for bonding under high
pressure (Chung et al. 2008). Limit information exist
on con icting on use of sandblasting to increase bond
strength of acrylic resin denture base and soft lining
material (Ersu et al. 2009).
To decrease the denture fracture incidence, various
aspects can be considered such as optimizing chemical
structure and processing techniques; improving adhe-
sion; altering composition either chemically (using
high impact polymer) and making physical alterations
(incorporate materials such as  bers, metal into PMMA)
(Gharechahi et al. 2014; Nejatian et al. 2015).
Because of the risk of fracture should a patient drop
their denture, high impact strength is a desirable prop-
erty. Given the function of a denture base in a removable
prosthesis, high  exural strength,  exural modulus, and
a large yield point distance would help resist torsional
forces in function leading to a longer clinical service life
for the prosthesis (Meng et al. 2005). So, in the current
study we tried to comparison of transverse strength of
three different types including heat cure acrylic with-
out any reinforcement, heat cure acrylic reinforced with
1mm sand blast metal wire and heat cure acrylic rein-
forced with 1mm sandblast metal wire that impregnated
with 4meta bonding agent (U Bar).
MATERIAL AND METHODS
In this study 30 heat cure acrylic (Meliodent, HERAEUS
KULZER, Germany) in dimension s (70mm  15mm 
3mm) were used. In  rst group heat cure acrylic samples
without any reinforcement, second group samples were
reinforced with 1mm sand blast metal wire and third
group, heat cure acrylic was reinforced with 1mm sand-
blast metal wire that stained impregnated with 4meta
(4-methacryloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride) bonding
agent UBAR Metal Bonding Cold Cure – Bonding Liner
(Pro Tech, USA). For group 1, the acrylic where mixed as
24.3 g powder in 10CC liquid, proceed in the generator
at 75°C for 8 h, then samples de asked and polished.
In the second group the 1mm sand blast metal wire
(DENTAURUM GmbH & Co. KG, Germany) was applied
using aluminum oxide using Topstar (Bego, Germany).
To insert wire into the acrylic, after press and remove
FIGURE 1. The transverse strength of the samples
using universal testing machine
BIOSCIENCE BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS COMPARISON OF TRANSVERSE STRENGTH OF THREE DIFFERENT TYPES OF HEAT CURED RESIN ACRYLICS 249
Hamid, Saba and Marzieh
Table 2. The comparison of the transverse strength
among 3 heat cure acrylics
Mean Sd S.E P value
Group 1 Group 2 10.95 0.37 0.0001
Group 3 23.96 0.37 0.0001
Group 1 10.95 0.37 0.0001
Group 2 Group 3 13.01 0.37 0.0001
Group 1 23.96 0.37 0.0001
Group 3 Group 2 13.01 0.37 0.0001
Group 1: heat cure acrylic without any reinforcement, 2:
heat cure acrylic reinforced with 1mm sandblast metal
wire, 3: heat cure acrylic with 1mm sand blast metal wire
that impregnated with 4meta bonding agent
the generator and remove the paper, a groove 2×70 mm
was done on the generator and the sand blast metal wire
longitudinally inserted in the acryl and then the groove
lled using heat cure acrylic. In the third group sand
blast metal wire was coated with 4meta bonding agent
(UBar) to improve the connectivity of the metal wire and
acrylic resin. Then the transverse strength of all samples
was tested with universal testing machine ( Instron, Sha-
kopee, 79USA) by speed of 5 mm/min using (N/mm
2
).
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Obtained data from the transverse strength processed in
excel and analyzed by ANOVA using SPSS (ver. 16). The
mean between groups was compared using Tukey HSD
test. P<0.05 between the groups was considered as sig-
ni cant differences.
RESULTS
According to the data, the transverse strength of heat
cure acrylic without any reinforcement was 87.48±0.67.
Also, the transverse strength of heat cure acrylic with
1mm sand blast metal wire that impregnated with 4meta
bonding agent and heat cure acrylic reinforced with 1mm
sandblast metal wire were 98.42±1 and 111.43±0.83,
respectively (table 1).
The comparison of the transverse strength among 3
heat cure acrylics is presented in table 2. According to
the data, signi cant difference detected on transverse
strength among 3 heat cure acrylics (table 2).
DISCUSSION
There are three ways to improve the mechanical prop-
erties of PMMA including (I) replacing PMMA with an
alternative material; (II) chemically modifying and (III)
reinforcing the PMMA with other materials. However,
the processes of etching, preparing, positioning and
impregnation of  bers may be impractical for dental
of ces (Kim and Watls, 2004). In the current study we
tried to comparison of transverse strength of three dif-
ferent types including heat cure acrylic without any
reinforcement, heat cure acrylic reinforced with 1mm
sand blast metal wire and heat cure acrylic reinforced
with 1mm sandblast metal wire that impregnated with
4meta bonding agent (U Bar). As observed, the trans-
verse strength of  rst group was 87.47 N/mm
2
. Also,
transverse strength in the second and third groups was
98.42 N/mm
2
and 111.43 N/mm
2
, respectively. Based on
the results, the maximum transverse strength was seen
in heat cure acrylic with 1mm sand blast metal wire that
impregnated with 4meta bonding agent.
Reinforcing agents using of cobalt-chromium wires,
metallic wires was previously applied. It is reported the
transverse strength increased in heat- cured acrylic resin
reinforced with metal wires (Vojdani and Khaledi, 2006).
Also, increase in strength of PMMA reported by adding sil-
ver, copper and aluminium wires (Sehajpal and Sood, 1989).
Recently Vojdani et al. (2012) reported reinforcement of the
conventional heat-cured acrylic resin with Al2O3 powder
(2.5 wt %) increased its  exural strength and hardness with
no adverse effects on the surface roughness.
It is reported 1.5mm round wire reinforced strength
of denture resins (Polyzois et al. 1996) and our results
was in line with their report. It is interesting to mention
the effect of placing a metal wire in the anterior part
of a maxillary denture on the fracture process. Several
authors have reported that the anterior palatal area is the
region of maximum tensile stress in a maxillary denture
and that midline fracture starts from the weak points,
namely, the incisal notch, the area behind central inci-
sors, and then propagates along the palate to the pos-
terior border of the denture (Darbar and Huggett, 1994).
It is reported the sandblasted wires did not have a better
strengthening effect on the specimens than the glossy
wires. This  nding is dif cult to interpret if it is assumed
that the mechanical retention between wire and resin
should increase the resistance (Vallittu and Lassila, 1992).
The adhesive resin consisted of a powder MMA and
a bonding liner (MMA-, 4-META) introduced to improve
Table 1. Transverse strength of 3 heat cure acrylics
Groups Mean ± Sd Maximum Minimum
1 87.48±0.67 88.4 86
2 98.42±1 100 97
3 111.43±0.83 112.9 110
P value 0.001
Group 1: heat cure acrylic without any reinforcement,
2: heat cure acrylic reinforced with 1mm sandblast metal
wire, 3: heat cure acrylic with 1mm sand blast metal wire
that impregnated with 4meta bonding agent
250 COMPARISON OF TRANSVERSE STRENGTH OF THREE DIFFERENT TYPES OF HEAT CURED RESIN ACRYLICS BIOSCIENCE BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS
Hamid, Saba and Marzieh
BIOSCIENCE BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS COMPARISON OF TRANSVERSE STRENGTH OF THREE DIFFERENT TYPES OF HEAT CURED RESIN ACRYLICS 251
and reinforcement of resin acrylic denture. The bonding
liner contained the metal adhesive monomer 4-metacry-
loxyethyl trimellitate anhydride (4- META) is the most
important component of the kit (Polyzois et al. 1996).
The combination of Meta Fast adhesive resin and metal
increased the fracture load and de ection of specimens
(Polyzois et al. 1996) and our  ndings was in agreement
with this report. It appeared that incorporation of metal
wires played a dominant role in the overall mechanical
behavior of the repaired strips and had an overriding
effect on the repair strength over the mechanical and
adhesive properties of repair and denture resin (Poly-
zois et al. 1996). In conclusion the use of1mm sandblast
metal wire that impregnated with 4meta bonding agent
had positive effect on strengthening and reinforce-
ment of resin acrylic denture and dimensions which can
27.39% improve the transverse strength.
REFERENCES
Alla RK, Ginjupalli K, Upadhya N, Shammas M, RS Kotha, RK
Ravi. 2011 Surface Roughness of Implants: A Review, Trends
Biomater. Artif. Organs 25(3):112-118.
Bhatia V, Bhatia G, Jain N, Jadon AK. 2013 An innovative
metal base denture design for a 55-year-old menopausal
woman, J Nat Sci, Biol Med. 4(2):4668-472.
Chung KH, Chung CY, Chung CY, Chan DC.2008 Effect of pre-
processing surface treatments of acrylic teeth on bonding to
the denture base. J Oral Rehabil 35:268-275.
Darbar UR, Huggett R, Harrison A. 1994 Denture fracture: a
survey. Br Dent J 176:342-5.
Darbar UR, Huggett R, Harrison A.1994 Stress analysis tech-
niques in complete dentures. J Dent 22:259-64.
Ersu B, Yuzugullu B, Ruya Yazici A, Canay S.2009 Surface
roughness and bond strengths of glass-in ltrated alumi-
naceramics prepared using various surface treatments. J
Dent;37(11):848-856.
Gharechahi J, Asadzadeh Na, Shahabian F, Gharechahi M.
2014 Flexural strength of acrylic resin denture bases processed
by two different methods. Journal of Dental Research, Dental
Clinics, Dental Prospects. 8(3): 148-125.
Ginjupalli K, Upadhya N, Alla RK, Nandish BT. 2012 Evalu-
ation of cohesive and adhesive strength of dental materials,
Manipal Odontoscope 4:47-52.
Gosavi SS, Gosavi SY, RK Alla. 2013 Titanium: A Miracle metal
in Dentistry, Trends Biomater Artif Organs 27(1):42-46.
Gurbuz O, Unalan F, Dikbas I. 2010 Comparison of the trans-
verse strength of six acrylic denture resins. OHDMBSC 9(1):21-
24.
Kim SH, Dc Watls. 2004 The effect of reinforcement with
woven Eglass  bers on the impact strength of complete den-
tures fabricated with high-impact acrylic resin. J Prosthet Dent
91:274e80.
Meng TR, Latta MA.2005 Physical Properties of Four
Acrylic Denture Base Resins. J Contemp Dent Pract Novem-
ber;(6)4:093-100.
Nejatian T, Sefat F, Johnson T.2015 Impact of packing and pro-
cessing technique on mechanical properties of acrylic denture
base materials. Materials 8, 2093-2109.
Polyzois GL, Andreopoulos AG, Lagouvardos PE. 1996 Acrylic
resin denture repair with adhesive resin and metal wires: effects
on strength parameters. J Prosthet Dent. Apr;75(4):381-7.
Raj N, D’Souza M. 2011. Comparison of transverse strength of
denture base resin on immersion for varying time period in
water and denture cleansers - an in vitro study. Asian Journal
of Oral Health & Allied Sciences – 1(2): 97-100.
Rickman LJ, Padipatvuthikul P, Satterthwaite JD. 2012 Con-
temporary denture base Resins: Part 1, Dent Update 39(1):25-
30.
Sehajpal SB, Sood VK. 1989 Effect of metal  llers on some
physical properties of acrylic resin. J Prosthet Dent. 61(6):746-
51.
Tugut F, Akin H, Mutaf B, Akin G, Ozdemir AK 2012 Strength
of the bond between a silicone lining material and denture
resin after Er:YAG laser treatments with different pulse dura-
tions and levels of energy. Lasers Med Sci Lasers Med Sci
27:281-285.
Vallittu PK, Lassila VP. 1992 Reinforcement of acrylic resin
denture base material with metal or  bre strengtheners. J Oral
Rehabil. May;19(3):225-30.
Vojdani M, Bagheri R, Khaledi AAR.2012 Effects of aluminum
oxide addition on the  exural strength, surface hardness, and
roughness of heat-polymerized acrylic resin. Journal of Dental
Sciences 7, 238e244.
Vojdani M, Khaledi AAR.2006 Transverse strength of rein-
forced denture base resin with metal wire and E-Glass  bers.
Journal of Dentistry of Tehran University of Medical Sciences.
3(4):159-166.