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Milad Borji et al.
BIOSCIENCE BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS INSULIN RESISTANCE BELIEFS IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE II DIABETES 195
scores of the studied patients did not meet the necessary
severity regarding insulin injections.
Similarly, this study (Kabodi et al., 2016) indicated
that only 60.7% of scores re ected the severity of insulin
injections. In fact, when a person feels no threat regard-
ing the disease (perceived sensitivity and severity), he/
she cannot change a behavior appropriately(Dietrich,
1996). According to Patino et al., to enhance the level
of threat perceived by the patients (perceived sensitivity
and severity), more focus should be placed on the short-
term complications of diabetes (Patino, Sanchez, Eidson,
& Delamater, 2005).
Concerning other constructs in this model, the results
indicated that the scores obtained by most patients in
terms of perceived bene ts were at a low level and unde-
sirable. Regarding these perceived barriers, the scores
were also high and undesirable, resulting in the lack of
insulin injection. In a study conducted by Vahidi et al.,
the perceived barriers in comparison with The other con-
structs in the Health Belief Model(HBF) had the greatest
impact on the construct of self-ef cacy in patients with
diabetes so that an individual’s positive beliefs to follow
the prophylactic treatment of diabetes increases by rais-
ing their awareness regarding the psychological costs
of adopting a behavior (Vahidi, Shojaeizadeh, Esmaeili
Shahmirzadi, & Nikpour, 2014).
The ndings for the next construct (i.e., perceived
self-ef cacy) revealed that the patients’ self-ef cacy
levels were not at a desirable level. This result was in
line with the ones of Kaboudi et al (Kabodi et al., 2016),
Other studies suggested that self-ef cacy is an effective
and strong predictor of behavior (Avci, 2008; Noroozi,
Jomand, & Tahmasebi, 2011; Sahraee, Noroozi, & Tah-
masebi, 2013b; Tava an, Hasani, Aghamolaei, Zare, &
Gregory, 2009). In fact, the construct of self-ef cacy was
the best predictor of self-care behaviors. Findings asso-
ciated with the operation guidelines showed that this
construct received the highest score. According to its
relevant items, the medical staff and mass media played
the most critical roles, which was similar to the results of
previous studies indicating the signi cant impact of the
medical staff (Borhani, et al., 2010; Kabodi et al., 2016))
and mass media (Mahmoodabad et al.,2016; Taghdisi &
Nejadsadeghi, 2011) on patient awareness.
CONCLUSION
Training packages and appropriate nursing interven-
tions should be administered to reduce the negative
beliefs associated with insulin injection.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
Ther e is no con ict of interest between authors.
SOURCE OF FUNDING
Ilam University of Medical Sciences.
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