Medical

Communication

Biosci. Biotech. Res. Comm. 10(2): 8-12 (2017)

Nanocomposites: A mini review on their

periodontal applications

Masood Bamedi

Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry and Oral and Dental Disease Research Center, Zahedan

University of Medical Science, Zahedan Iran

ABSTRACT

Dental diseases routinely are being vastly increased in populations and there is a very effective need of  nding novel

therapeutic approaches. One of newest ways is the use of nanoparticles based applications. Recently, Nanoparticles

are playing an important role in nanomedical applications particularly in dentistry speci cally periodontology.

Nanocomposites are a class of nanoparticle based materials which are widely used in dentistry, are also used in dental

research and practice as effective and novel tools to solve periodontal and dental problems. In this review a focus has

been made on nanoparticle based agents and their applications in peridontology.

KEY WORDS: PRIODONTOLOGY, NANOPARTICLE, NANOCOMPOSITES, NANOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS

ARTICLE INFORMATION:

*Corresponding Author:

Received 17

March, 2017

Accepted after revision 19

June, 2017

BBRC Print ISSN: 0974-6455

Online ISSN: 2321-4007 CODEN: USA BBRCBA

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Online Contents Available at: http//www.bbrc.in/

INTRODUCTION

Periodontitis is a tainting including strong structures of

the teeth which wins in all social affairs, ethnicities, races

and both sexual presentation. It is multi-factorial in eti-

ology, and microorganisms are one among these etio-

logic heads (Saravana et al., 2006 & Bumb et al., 2013).

Along these lines, a key section of treatment depends

upon to take out or control these pathogens and reestab-

lish the periodontium to a typical helpful state. This has

been generally re ned through mechanical means, for

example, scaling and root planning (SRP), open wrin-

kle debridement, and framework went for recovering the

periodontium and by the utilization of built specialists,

for example, mouth washes and dentifrices. Systemic

antimicrobials have been utilized as a partner close by

such standard strategy. The utilization of such threaten-

ing to sullying authorities, yet serious, can’t be totally

maintained. This is in light of the way that, periodon-

tal burden is site-particular in nature and subjecting

the patient to obliging centralizations of unfriendly to

pollution pros for brief eras powers rehashed dosing for

longer periods (Virupakshappa 2012).

To pound the restraints of routine treatment with sys-

temic antimicrobials, furtively passed on, opposing to

infective pharmacological heads, most beginning late

Masood Bamedi

utilizing sustained release vehicles, have been shown.

These covertly passed on antimicrobials are framed with

the concerned arrangement impregnated in a vehicle

and open as strands, chips, gels, emollients and micro-

spheres. The approach of nanotechnology has updated

the course in which these pharmaceutical transport

structures have been made and passed on. In 2000, a

research reverberated the 1959 gauge in the remarkable

address by the late physicist Richard P Feynman. This

longing kept running with the introduction of nanote-

chnology’s de nition and vision: that the nuclear level

accuracy supervised by atomic gadgets working at the

nanoscale was a sure technologic assurance (Freitas

et al., 2000 Nikalje A.P. 2015).

Nanotechnology which is by and large called sub-

atomic arranging is the time of realistic materials and

structures in the degree of 0.1 to 100 nanometers by dif-

ferent physical and mix frameworks. Beginning late, the

dynamic change of nanotechnology has changed into

the most astoundingly braced get ready in science and

technology. Polymers or microparticle-based hydrogels

have been related in dentistry and periodontics partic-

ularly beginning at starting late, which can affect the

rate of discharge in context of their structure, thusly

the progress of more re ned procedures for passing on

drugs at therapeutic levels to particular objectives is an

essential clinical issue, (Upadhyay et al., 2013 & Rao

et al., 2013 Baheti et al., 2014 Wang et al., 2015).

NANOPARTICLE BASED TECHNOLOGY

Nanocomposite hydrogels are blended as model struc-

tures for in situ cured neighboring remedy development

gadgets for the treatment of periodontal contaminations.

The composite join the running with parts: nanoparticles,

a system gel and the  tting antibacterial solution. The

nanoparticles were picked up by free radical started copo-

lymerization of monomers, 2hydroxy methymethacrylate

(HEMA) and polyethyleneglycoldimethacrylate in watery

strategy, (Wang et al., 2015 & Sivaramakrishnanet al,

2014 & Hatziantoniou et al., 2006). Relative monomers

were utilized to plan crosslinked lattices by photopo-

lymerization. Nanocomposite hydrogels were gotten by

blending nanoparticles, monomers and the medication in

watery arrangement then cross related by photopolymeri-

zation. These nanoparticles are appropriate for mix into a

hydrogel framework and to orchestrate new arrangement

transport gadgets for dental and periodontal application.

Endeavors to update the clinical execution of composite

 lling material depend on the running with maintopics:

Reduction of the polymerization shrinkage.

NANOCOMPOSITES AND DENTAL APPLICATIONS

Nanocomposites have a  ller stacking upto 95% that

help reduce polymerization shrinkage, • Improvement

of the mechanical properties, especially wear resistance,

• Improvement of bio compatibility by decreasing the

elution of components Nano ller particles may be of

two types • Nanometric, particles (NM) - are monodis-

perse non add up to and non agglomerated silica par-

ticles which are treated with 3 methacryloxypropyltri-

methoxysilane, (MPTS - coupling administrator) to keep

any agglomeration or aggregation and allow chemical

bonding of the NM  ller of the gum, cross section in

the midst of curing. (Fakruddin et al., 2012 & DA Terry

2004). • Nanocluster (NC’s) Particles have a fundamental

atom size of 2 to 20 nm, while the spheroid agglom-

erated particles have a broadsize distribution, with an

average size of 0.6 micrometers. Nanoparticles with a

balanced refractive record and radiopacity were gained

by mixing mixed oxides, for instance, silica Zirconia

nanoparticles (Kong et al., 2000, Nikalje, 2015).

Furthermore, all around arranged nano and micro-

structures sol gel can be utilized for conveying protec-

tive and wear safe coatings of teeth, metalalloys, and

glass  llers of exceptional structures. As showed by late

revelations, paying little personality to the  nishing and

cleaning procedure, the nano lled composites showed

the most diminished pretesting surface disagreeable-

ness and wear starting late, the remarkable progress in

treatment modalities have been found in the  eld of

orthodontics, the self-ligating areas, changed treatment

techniques, and Invisalign, to name the few. In spite of

the way that the headway of orthodontic materials in

the past 5 decades has been an astounding develop-

ment twist depicted by times of unprecedented develop-

ment with various upgrades took after by long peaceful

intervals a representation being the destructive scratch-

ing framework, which was exhibited in the mid-1950s

and ended up being all around recognized in the 1960s

(Torres L et al., 2011 & Breschi et al., 2010).

It assumed control 10 years for this practice to twist

up unmistakably standard strategy in orthodontics on

a broad scale. Nanoparticles have starting late chan-

nelized their way in Orthodontics in various modalities

like bracketless tooth repositioning, nanocoated ortho-

dontic wires to lessening granulating and besides by

alveolar tissue development .Nanorobots tend to have

high positional precision by navigational framework.

After the ful llment of their pined for exercises, they are

assessed to be removed from the human body by human

excretory channels (Almahdy et al., 2012 & Sabatini

et al., 2013 & Osorio et al., 2011 & Toledano et al., 2012).

Orthodontic nanorobots could clearly control the

periodontal tissues, including gingival, periodontal liga-

ment, cementum and alveolar bone, allowing quick and

simple tooth correcting, turning and vertical reposi-

BIOSCIENCE BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS NANOCOMPOSITES: A MINI REVIEW ON THEIR PERIODONTAL APPLICATIONS 9

Masood Bamedi

tioning inside minutes to hours.10 It is seen that nano-

 lled composites has better fringe seal in complete and

dentin commensurate to total destructive etching con-

cretes and subsequently help in redesigned holding of

areas to tooth structure 25. Sliding a tooth along an

archwire incorporates a frictional sort of drive that con-

tradict their advancement. Use of extravagant ortho-

dontic compel may achieve loss of dock and root des-

orption. In a survey circulated by Katz, an abatement

in granulating has been represented by covering the

orthodontic wires with inorganic fullerenes-like tung-

sten disul de nanoparticles (IF-WS2) which are known

for their astounding oil properties therefore updating the

suf ciency of sliding mechanics (Thompson et al., 2012

& De Moraes Porto et al., 2012 & Dundar et al., 2011

Ouyang et al., 2011).

The contemporary dental expert has to his exchange,

a wide grouping of materials to restore the lost cas-

ing and limit of spoiled teeth. Routine dental amalgam

was, some time recently, for the most part used as the

supportive material of choice in stress bearing zones

as a result of its dominating quality, however waited

behind to the extent feel on account of its unmistakable

metallic shading. Mercury toxic quality issues were in

like manner a stress with silver amalgam. Jazzy solic-

itations, especially in the front areas of the oral gap,

required the use of tooth tinted materials for remedial

purposes. Consequently, dental composites were intro-

duced, which best in class from the fundamental un lled

gums to  lled pitches and further to scaled down scale

 lled and mutt composite gums. In spite of the way

that these composites were viably used as elegant help-

ful materials in the front district, they couldn’t capably

bear the commonsense stacking in the back ranges. In

like manner, the characteristic polymerization shrinkage

of these materials had a tendency to make stresses in

both the composite recovery and in the including tooth

structure. Poor fringe modi cation and shameful proxi-

mal contacts also added to composite dissatisfactions in

back teeth. Conventional composite Class I and Class II

modifying endeavors (Abou Neel et al., 2014 & Davies

2003 & Bressan et al., 2013 & Weber et al., 1992), were

along these lines habitually associated with issues, for

instance, postoperative misery, tooth break and opening

of the supportive edges inciting to littler scale spillage

and dreary caries. Since there exists an innate irregular-

ity between the particle size of the normally unmistak-

able composite restorative material (40nm-0.7nm).

Bressan et al., (2013) and the nanoscopic tooth struc-

ture (1nm-10nm) including hydroxyapatite valuable

stones, dentinal tubule and  nish shafts, the connection

between the standard composite tar and tooth structure

tends to be inadmissible. Among the customary varie-

ties of composite saps, mutt composites have more vital

quality inferable from the more broad size dispersal of

the  ller particles when stood out from the un lled and

micro lled tars. Recent advances in the material sci-

ences and nanotechnology has however incited to the

change of pervasive nanocomposite materials. These are

balanced composite saps in which the central common

structure has been braced with nano llers. The usage

of nanocomposite tars considers an unrivaled nano-

holding interface between the tooth structure and the

accommodating material achieving an all the more con-

sistent and regular interface.

Nanocomposites have a considerably greater volume

of the nanomeric  ller particles in the tar system, real-

izing upgraded physical, creation and normal proper-

ties. At the point when diverged from standard compos-

ites, nanocomposites have a more noticeable adaptable

modulus and higher  exural, pliant and in uence quali-

ties, close by improved scratched region resistance. More

conspicuous  ller stacking moreover in this way dimin-

ishes the volume of the polymer system and toughens

the composite pitch by extending hardness and break

resistance and by lessening the thickness. The tension is

passed on more reliably inside the gum. In like manner,

the curing shrinkage abatements to half consequently

does the shrinkage push. This is probably in light of the

more grounded interfacial relationship of the regular

sap cross section and the inorganic nano ller particles,

(Albrektsson et al., 2000).

The surface is smoother, with a higher translucency

and clean support nearby better shade depiction. The

nanoparticle size is more diminutive than the wave-

length of clear light thusly the ingestion of light does

not occur and light transmits through it. This assistants

in keeping up the smoothness of the surface for a more

drawn out period of time. More noticeable scattering of

light by little evaluated nanoparticles in like manner

conveys astonishing blending of the recovery, giving it a

presence like effect. Basically smoother surfaces reduce

the plaque gathering and resultant periodontal disease

(Torres et al., 2011 & Thompson et al., 2012).

RESULTS OF LITERATURE ANALYSIS

Based on scienti c analysis of more than 300 original

research articles published during 2000-2015 covered by

PubMed as well as Scopus databases with keywords of

periodontal disease and Nanocomposites it was analyzed

that it’s a big demand on the use of such nanomaterials

applications in 2006 since now.

In  gure 1 it is illustrated that during years 2000-

2005 there has been little applications of nanomedicine

in periodontology, but after 2006 such nanomaterials

have been widely used.

10 NANOCOMPOSITES: A MINI REVIEW ON THEIR PERIODONTAL APPLICATIONS BIOSCIENCE BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS

Masood Bamedi

BIOSCIENCE BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS NANOCOMPOSITES: A MINI REVIEW ON THEIR PERIODONTAL APPLICATIONS 11

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FIGURE 1. Illustration of analytical percentage of publications regarding nanocomposites as well as periodontal

applications during years 2000-2015.

Publication on Nanocomposites

and Periodontal Disease

(Percentage of Publications)

Masood Bamedi

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